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Research Methods in Human-Computer Interaction, eTextbook.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextPublisher: Chichester : Wiley Textbooks, 2009Copyright date: ©2009Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (448 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781119958932
Subject(s): Genre/Form: DDC classification:
  • 004.019
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- RESEARCH METHODS IN HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Changes in topics of HCI research over time -- 1.2 Shifts in measurement in HCI -- 1.3 Inherent conflicts in HCI -- 1.4 Interdisciplinary nature of HCI research -- 1.5 Communicating your ideas -- 1.6 Research and usability testing -- Summary of Chapters -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercise -- References -- 2 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH -- 2.1 Types of behavioral research -- 2.2 Research hypotheses -- 2.2.1 Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis -- 2.2.2 Dependent and independent variables -- 2.2.3 Typical independent variables in HCI research -- 2.2.4 Typical dependent variables in HCI research -- 2.3 Basics of experimental research -- 2.3.1 Components of an experiment -- 2.3.2 Randomization -- 2.4 Significance tests -- 2.4.1 Why do we need them? -- 2.4.2 Type I and Type II errors -- 2.4.3 Controlling the risks of Type I and Type II errors -- 2.5 Limitations of experimental research -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- References -- 3 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN -- 3.1 What needs to be considered when designing experiments? -- 3.2 Determining the basic design structure -- 3.3 Investigating a single independent variable -- 3.3.1 Between-group design and within-group design -- 3.3.2 Choosing the appropriate design approach -- 3.4 Investigating more than one independent variable -- 3.4.1 Factorial design -- 3.4.2 Split-plot design -- 3.4.3 Interaction effects -- 3.5 Reliability of experimental results -- 3.5.1 Random errors -- 3.5.2 Systematic errors -- 3.6 Experimental procedures -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- References -- 4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS -- 4.1 Preparing data for statistical analysis -- 4.1.1 Cleaning up data.
4.1.2 Coding data -- 4.1.3 Organizing data -- 4.2 Descriptive statistics -- 4.2.1 Measures of central tendency -- 4.2.2 Measures of spread -- 4.3 Comparing means -- 4.4 T tests -- 4.4.1 Independent-samples t test -- 4.4.2 Paired-samples t test -- 4.4.3 Interpretation of t test results -- 4.4.4 Two-tailed t tests and one-tailed t tests -- 4.5 Analysis of variance -- 4.5.1 One-way ANOVA -- 4.5.2 Factorial ANOVA -- 4.5.3 Repeated measures ANOVA -- 4.5.4 ANOVA for split-plot design -- 4.6 Assumptions of t tests and F tests -- 4.7 Identifying relationships -- 4.8 Regression -- 4.9 Nonparametric statistical tests -- 4.9.1 Chi-square test -- 4.9.2 Other non-parametric tests -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- Team Exercises -- References -- 5 SURVEYS -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Benefits and drawbacks of surveys -- 5.3 Goals and targeted users for survey research -- 5.4 Probabilistic sampling -- 5.4.1 Stratification -- 5.4.2 Response size -- 5.4.3 Errors -- 5.5 Non-probabilistic sampling -- 5.5.1 Demographic data -- 5.5.2 Oversampling -- 5.5.3 Random sampling of usage, not users -- 5.5.4 Self-selected surveys -- 5.5.5 Uninvestigated populations -- 5.6 Developing survey questions -- 5.6.1 Open-ended questions -- 5.6.2 Closed-ended questions -- 5.6.3 Common problems with survey questions -- 5.7 Overall survey structure -- 5.8 Existing surveys -- 5.9 Paper or online surveys? -- 5.10 Testing the survey tool -- 5.11 Response rate -- 5.12 Data analysis -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercise -- References -- 6 DIARIES -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Why do we use diaries in HCI research? -- 6.3 Participants for a diary study -- 6.4 What type of diary? -- 6.4.1 Feedback diary -- 6.4.2 Elicitation diary -- 6.4.3 Hybrid feedback and elicitation diary -- 6.5 Data collection for the diary study.
6.6 Letting participants know when to record a diary entry -- 6.7 Analysis of diaries -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercise -- References -- Appendix A Frustration Experience Form (Time Diary) -- Appendix B Excel Time Diary Form -- 7 CASE STUDIES -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Observing Sara: a case study of a case study -- 7.3 What is a case study? -- 7.3.1 In-depth investigation of a small number of cases -- 7.3.2 Examination in context -- 7.3.3 Multiple data sources -- 7.3.4 Emphasis on qualitative data and analysis -- 7.4 Goals of HCI case studies -- 7.4.1 Exploration -- 7.4.2 Explanation -- 7.4.3 Description -- 7.4.4 Demonstration -- 7.5 Types of case study -- 7.5.1 Intrinsic or instrumental -- 7.5.2 Single case or multiple cases -- 7.5.3 Embedded or holistic -- 7.6 Research questions and hypotheses -- 7.7 Choosing cases -- 7.8 Data collection -- 7.8.1 Data sources and questions -- 7.8.2 Collecting data -- 7.9 Analysis and interpretation -- 7.10 Writing up the study -- 7.11 Informal case studies -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- References -- 8 INTERVIEWS AND FOCUS GROUPS -- 8.1 Pros and cons of interviews -- 8.2 Applications of interviews in HCI research -- 8.2.1 Initial exploration -- 8.2.2 Requirements gathering -- 8.2.3 Evaluation and subjective reactions -- 8.3 Who to interview -- 8.4 Interview strategies -- 8.4.1 How much structure? -- 8.4.2 Focused and contextual interviews -- 8.5 Interviews vs focus groups -- 8.6 Types of question -- 8.7 Conducting an interview -- 8.7.1 Preparation -- 8.7.2 Recording the responses -- 8.7.3 During the interview -- 8.8 Electronically mediated interviews and focus groups -- 8.8.1 Telephone -- 8.8.2 Online -- 8.9 Analyzing interview data -- 8.9.1 What to analyze -- 8.9.2 How to analyze -- 8.9.3 Validity -- 8.9.4 Reporting Results -- Summary.
Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- References -- 9 ETHNOGRAPHY -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 What is ethnography? -- 9.3 Ethnography in HCI -- 9.4 Conducting ethnographic research -- 9.4.1 Selecting a site or group of interest -- 9.4.2 Participating: choosing a role -- 9.4.3 Building relationships -- 9.4.4 Making contact -- 9.4.5 Interviewing, observing, analyzing, repeating, and theorizing -- 9.4.6 Reporting results -- 9.5 Some examples -- 9.5.1 Home settings -- 9.5.2 Work settings -- 9.5.3 Educational settings -- 9.5.4 Ethnographies of mobile and ubiquitous systems -- 9.5.5 Virtual ethnography -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- References -- 10 USABILITY TESTING -- 10.1 What is usability testing? -- 10.2 How does usability testing relate to traditional research? -- 10.3 Types of usability testing or usability inspections -- 10.3.1 Expert-based testing -- 10.3.2 Automated usability testing -- 10.4 User-based testing -- 10.4.1 Types of usability testing -- 10.4.2 Stages of usability testing -- 10.4.3 How many users are sufficient? -- 10.4.4 Locations for usability testing -- 10.4.5 Task list -- 10.4.6 Measurement -- 10.4.7 The testing session -- 10.4.8 Making sense of the data -- 10.5 Other variations on usability testing -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercise -- References -- 11 ANALYZING QUALITATIVE DATA -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Stages of qualitative analysis -- 11.3 Grounded theory -- 11.4 Content analysis -- 11.4.1 What is content? -- 11.4.2 Why do we need to collect text or multimedia information? -- 11.4.3 Questions to consider before content analysis -- 11.5 Analyzing text content -- 11.5.1 Procedure -- 11.5.2 Identifying coding categories -- 11.5.3 Coding the text -- 11.5.4 Ensuring high-quality analysis -- 11.6 Analyzing multimedia content -- Summary.
Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercise -- References -- 12 AUTOMATED DATA COLLECTION METHODS -- 12.1 Exploiting existing tools -- 12.1.1 Web logs -- 12.1.2 Stored application data -- 12.2 Using software to observe and record -- 12.2.1 Web proxies -- 12.2.2 Instrumented software -- 12.2.3 Custom-built software -- 12.2.4 Handling stored data -- 12.2.5 Keystroke and activity loggers -- 12.2.6 Analyzing log files -- 12.3 Hybrid data collection methods -- 12.4 Automated interface evaluation -- 12.5 Challenges of computerized data collection -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- References -- 13 MEASURING THE HUMAN -- 13.1 Eye tracking -- 13.2 Physiological tools -- 13.2.1 Physiological data -- 13.2.2 Challenges in data collection and interpretation -- 13.3 Examples of physiological research in HCI -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercise -- References -- 14 WORKING WITH HUMAN SUBJECTS -- 14.1 Identifying potential participants -- 14.1.1 Which subjects? -- 14.1.2 How many subjects? -- 14.1.3 Recruiting participants -- 14.2 Care and handling of research participants -- 14.2.1 Protecting participants -- 14.2.2 Informed consent -- 14.2.3 Institutional review boards -- 14.2.4 Potentially deceptive research? -- 14.2.5 General concerns -- 14.3 Online research -- 14.3.1 Appropriate topics for online research -- 14.3.2 Recruiting -- 14.3.3 Study design -- 14.3.4 Ethical concerns -- 14.3.5 Data collection -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- References -- 15 WORKING WITH RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS WITH IMPAIRMENTS -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 How many participants? -- 15.2.1 Small sample sizes -- 15.2.2 Distributed research -- 15.2.3 In-depth case studies -- 15.3 Proxy users -- 15.4 Multi-Population Studies -- 15.5 Recruiting users through community partners -- 15.6 Pilot studies.
15.7 Scheduling users with impairments.
Summary: A comprehensive research guide for both quantitative and qualitative research methods Written by a team of authorities in human-computer interaction (HCI) and usability, this pedagogical guide walks you through the methods used in HCI and examines what are considered to be appropriate research practices in the field. Featuring a plethora of real-world examples throughout, you'll discover how these methods have been used in HCI research so that you can gain a stronger understanding of the subject matter. Serves as an authoritative, comprehensive resource on all things related to research methods in human-computer interaction Addresses experimental research and design methods, statistical analysis, and time diaries Shares authentic case studies, interviews, and focus group experiences Reviews analyzing qualitative data, working with human subjects, handling automated computer data collection methods, and more If you are looking for a detailed, no-nonsense resource that offers in-depth coverage of HCI methods, then this is the book for you.
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Intro -- RESEARCH METHODS IN HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Changes in topics of HCI research over time -- 1.2 Shifts in measurement in HCI -- 1.3 Inherent conflicts in HCI -- 1.4 Interdisciplinary nature of HCI research -- 1.5 Communicating your ideas -- 1.6 Research and usability testing -- Summary of Chapters -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercise -- References -- 2 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH -- 2.1 Types of behavioral research -- 2.2 Research hypotheses -- 2.2.1 Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis -- 2.2.2 Dependent and independent variables -- 2.2.3 Typical independent variables in HCI research -- 2.2.4 Typical dependent variables in HCI research -- 2.3 Basics of experimental research -- 2.3.1 Components of an experiment -- 2.3.2 Randomization -- 2.4 Significance tests -- 2.4.1 Why do we need them? -- 2.4.2 Type I and Type II errors -- 2.4.3 Controlling the risks of Type I and Type II errors -- 2.5 Limitations of experimental research -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- References -- 3 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN -- 3.1 What needs to be considered when designing experiments? -- 3.2 Determining the basic design structure -- 3.3 Investigating a single independent variable -- 3.3.1 Between-group design and within-group design -- 3.3.2 Choosing the appropriate design approach -- 3.4 Investigating more than one independent variable -- 3.4.1 Factorial design -- 3.4.2 Split-plot design -- 3.4.3 Interaction effects -- 3.5 Reliability of experimental results -- 3.5.1 Random errors -- 3.5.2 Systematic errors -- 3.6 Experimental procedures -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- References -- 4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS -- 4.1 Preparing data for statistical analysis -- 4.1.1 Cleaning up data.

4.1.2 Coding data -- 4.1.3 Organizing data -- 4.2 Descriptive statistics -- 4.2.1 Measures of central tendency -- 4.2.2 Measures of spread -- 4.3 Comparing means -- 4.4 T tests -- 4.4.1 Independent-samples t test -- 4.4.2 Paired-samples t test -- 4.4.3 Interpretation of t test results -- 4.4.4 Two-tailed t tests and one-tailed t tests -- 4.5 Analysis of variance -- 4.5.1 One-way ANOVA -- 4.5.2 Factorial ANOVA -- 4.5.3 Repeated measures ANOVA -- 4.5.4 ANOVA for split-plot design -- 4.6 Assumptions of t tests and F tests -- 4.7 Identifying relationships -- 4.8 Regression -- 4.9 Nonparametric statistical tests -- 4.9.1 Chi-square test -- 4.9.2 Other non-parametric tests -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- Team Exercises -- References -- 5 SURVEYS -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Benefits and drawbacks of surveys -- 5.3 Goals and targeted users for survey research -- 5.4 Probabilistic sampling -- 5.4.1 Stratification -- 5.4.2 Response size -- 5.4.3 Errors -- 5.5 Non-probabilistic sampling -- 5.5.1 Demographic data -- 5.5.2 Oversampling -- 5.5.3 Random sampling of usage, not users -- 5.5.4 Self-selected surveys -- 5.5.5 Uninvestigated populations -- 5.6 Developing survey questions -- 5.6.1 Open-ended questions -- 5.6.2 Closed-ended questions -- 5.6.3 Common problems with survey questions -- 5.7 Overall survey structure -- 5.8 Existing surveys -- 5.9 Paper or online surveys? -- 5.10 Testing the survey tool -- 5.11 Response rate -- 5.12 Data analysis -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercise -- References -- 6 DIARIES -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Why do we use diaries in HCI research? -- 6.3 Participants for a diary study -- 6.4 What type of diary? -- 6.4.1 Feedback diary -- 6.4.2 Elicitation diary -- 6.4.3 Hybrid feedback and elicitation diary -- 6.5 Data collection for the diary study.

6.6 Letting participants know when to record a diary entry -- 6.7 Analysis of diaries -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercise -- References -- Appendix A Frustration Experience Form (Time Diary) -- Appendix B Excel Time Diary Form -- 7 CASE STUDIES -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Observing Sara: a case study of a case study -- 7.3 What is a case study? -- 7.3.1 In-depth investigation of a small number of cases -- 7.3.2 Examination in context -- 7.3.3 Multiple data sources -- 7.3.4 Emphasis on qualitative data and analysis -- 7.4 Goals of HCI case studies -- 7.4.1 Exploration -- 7.4.2 Explanation -- 7.4.3 Description -- 7.4.4 Demonstration -- 7.5 Types of case study -- 7.5.1 Intrinsic or instrumental -- 7.5.2 Single case or multiple cases -- 7.5.3 Embedded or holistic -- 7.6 Research questions and hypotheses -- 7.7 Choosing cases -- 7.8 Data collection -- 7.8.1 Data sources and questions -- 7.8.2 Collecting data -- 7.9 Analysis and interpretation -- 7.10 Writing up the study -- 7.11 Informal case studies -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- References -- 8 INTERVIEWS AND FOCUS GROUPS -- 8.1 Pros and cons of interviews -- 8.2 Applications of interviews in HCI research -- 8.2.1 Initial exploration -- 8.2.2 Requirements gathering -- 8.2.3 Evaluation and subjective reactions -- 8.3 Who to interview -- 8.4 Interview strategies -- 8.4.1 How much structure? -- 8.4.2 Focused and contextual interviews -- 8.5 Interviews vs focus groups -- 8.6 Types of question -- 8.7 Conducting an interview -- 8.7.1 Preparation -- 8.7.2 Recording the responses -- 8.7.3 During the interview -- 8.8 Electronically mediated interviews and focus groups -- 8.8.1 Telephone -- 8.8.2 Online -- 8.9 Analyzing interview data -- 8.9.1 What to analyze -- 8.9.2 How to analyze -- 8.9.3 Validity -- 8.9.4 Reporting Results -- Summary.

Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- References -- 9 ETHNOGRAPHY -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 What is ethnography? -- 9.3 Ethnography in HCI -- 9.4 Conducting ethnographic research -- 9.4.1 Selecting a site or group of interest -- 9.4.2 Participating: choosing a role -- 9.4.3 Building relationships -- 9.4.4 Making contact -- 9.4.5 Interviewing, observing, analyzing, repeating, and theorizing -- 9.4.6 Reporting results -- 9.5 Some examples -- 9.5.1 Home settings -- 9.5.2 Work settings -- 9.5.3 Educational settings -- 9.5.4 Ethnographies of mobile and ubiquitous systems -- 9.5.5 Virtual ethnography -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- References -- 10 USABILITY TESTING -- 10.1 What is usability testing? -- 10.2 How does usability testing relate to traditional research? -- 10.3 Types of usability testing or usability inspections -- 10.3.1 Expert-based testing -- 10.3.2 Automated usability testing -- 10.4 User-based testing -- 10.4.1 Types of usability testing -- 10.4.2 Stages of usability testing -- 10.4.3 How many users are sufficient? -- 10.4.4 Locations for usability testing -- 10.4.5 Task list -- 10.4.6 Measurement -- 10.4.7 The testing session -- 10.4.8 Making sense of the data -- 10.5 Other variations on usability testing -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercise -- References -- 11 ANALYZING QUALITATIVE DATA -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Stages of qualitative analysis -- 11.3 Grounded theory -- 11.4 Content analysis -- 11.4.1 What is content? -- 11.4.2 Why do we need to collect text or multimedia information? -- 11.4.3 Questions to consider before content analysis -- 11.5 Analyzing text content -- 11.5.1 Procedure -- 11.5.2 Identifying coding categories -- 11.5.3 Coding the text -- 11.5.4 Ensuring high-quality analysis -- 11.6 Analyzing multimedia content -- Summary.

Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercise -- References -- 12 AUTOMATED DATA COLLECTION METHODS -- 12.1 Exploiting existing tools -- 12.1.1 Web logs -- 12.1.2 Stored application data -- 12.2 Using software to observe and record -- 12.2.1 Web proxies -- 12.2.2 Instrumented software -- 12.2.3 Custom-built software -- 12.2.4 Handling stored data -- 12.2.5 Keystroke and activity loggers -- 12.2.6 Analyzing log files -- 12.3 Hybrid data collection methods -- 12.4 Automated interface evaluation -- 12.5 Challenges of computerized data collection -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- References -- 13 MEASURING THE HUMAN -- 13.1 Eye tracking -- 13.2 Physiological tools -- 13.2.1 Physiological data -- 13.2.2 Challenges in data collection and interpretation -- 13.3 Examples of physiological research in HCI -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercise -- References -- 14 WORKING WITH HUMAN SUBJECTS -- 14.1 Identifying potential participants -- 14.1.1 Which subjects? -- 14.1.2 How many subjects? -- 14.1.3 Recruiting participants -- 14.2 Care and handling of research participants -- 14.2.1 Protecting participants -- 14.2.2 Informed consent -- 14.2.3 Institutional review boards -- 14.2.4 Potentially deceptive research? -- 14.2.5 General concerns -- 14.3 Online research -- 14.3.1 Appropriate topics for online research -- 14.3.2 Recruiting -- 14.3.3 Study design -- 14.3.4 Ethical concerns -- 14.3.5 Data collection -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- Research Design Exercises -- References -- 15 WORKING WITH RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS WITH IMPAIRMENTS -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 How many participants? -- 15.2.1 Small sample sizes -- 15.2.2 Distributed research -- 15.2.3 In-depth case studies -- 15.3 Proxy users -- 15.4 Multi-Population Studies -- 15.5 Recruiting users through community partners -- 15.6 Pilot studies.

15.7 Scheduling users with impairments.

A comprehensive research guide for both quantitative and qualitative research methods Written by a team of authorities in human-computer interaction (HCI) and usability, this pedagogical guide walks you through the methods used in HCI and examines what are considered to be appropriate research practices in the field. Featuring a plethora of real-world examples throughout, you'll discover how these methods have been used in HCI research so that you can gain a stronger understanding of the subject matter. Serves as an authoritative, comprehensive resource on all things related to research methods in human-computer interaction Addresses experimental research and design methods, statistical analysis, and time diaries Shares authentic case studies, interviews, and focus group experiences Reviews analyzing qualitative data, working with human subjects, handling automated computer data collection methods, and more If you are looking for a detailed, no-nonsense resource that offers in-depth coverage of HCI methods, then this is the book for you.

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