Intro -- Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Contributors -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction and Overview -- Why This Report and Why Now? -- Scope of the Report -- Organizational Framework: Life-Cycle and Ecological Approaches -- Estimating the Costs and Consequences of Violence across Levels of Society -- Summary of Data and Methods -- Outline of Chapters -- Notes -- References -- 2 Patterns of Violence against Women and Girls in South Asia -- Excess Female Child Mortality -- Child Marriage -- Intimate Partner Violence within Marriage -- Forms of Violence That Need More Research to Establish Prevalence -- Disclosure and Care-Seeking across Forms of Violence Faced by Women and Girls -- Understanding the Violence That South Asian Women and Girls Face -- Notes -- References -- 3 What Underlies Violence against Women and Girls in South Asia? -- Socioeconomic and Demographic Changes -- Government, Religious Institutions, and Legal Systems -- Social Norms and Gender Relations -- Risk Factors for Violence against Girls and Adolescents in the Ecological Framework -- Risk Factors in Marriage: Dowry Violence and Intimate Partner Violence -- Risk and Protective Factors for Violence That Is Not Limited to a Particular Life Stage or Marital Status -- Summary and Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 4 Learning from Interventions to Address Violence against Women and Girls -- Implications of Recent Economic, Political, and Social Changes for Violence -- Methods to Identify and Definitions of Targeted Interventions -- The Landscape of Evaluated Interventions in South Asia: A Summary -- Preventing Excess Female Child Mortality -- Preventing and Responding to Abuse Faced by Girls throughout Childhood -- Preventing Child Marriage -- The Importance of Birth Registration to Address All Forms of Violence against Girls.

Opportunities, Gaps, and Challenges in Addressing All Forms of Violence against Girl Children -- Addressing Domestic and Intimate Partner Violence within Marriage -- Addressing Sexual Harassment in Public Spaces -- Preventing and Responding to Honor Killings -- Addressing Custodial Violence against Women and Girls -- Preventing and Responding to Trafficking of Women and Girls -- Looking across Forms of Violence: Key Lessons and Challenges -- Notes -- References -- 5 Where Do We Go from Here? -- Recommendations for All Actors -- Recommendations for Governments -- Recommendations for Donors -- Recommendations for Nongovernmental Organizations -- Recommendations for the Research Community -- Media -- Recommendations for the Private Sector -- Concluding Remarks -- Note -- References -- Appendix A: Data Sources Available and Used for Descriptive Analysis -- Appendix B: World Bank Projects Addressing Gender-Based Violence, Active in 2008 or Later -- Appendix C: Evaluated Interventions to Address Excess Female Child Mortality -- Appendix D: Evaluated Interventions to Address Abuse against Girl Children -- Appendix E: Evaluated Interventions to Prevent Child Marriage -- Appendix F: Evaluated Interventions to Address Intimate Partner Violence -- Appendix G: Evaluated Interventions to Address Sexual Harassment -- Appendix H: Evaluated Interventions to Address Honor Killings -- Appendix I: Evaluated Interventions to Address Custodial Violence against Women and Girls -- Appendix J: Evaluated Interventions to Address Trafficking of Women and Girls -- Appendix K: Evaluated Interventions That Engage Men and Boys in Addressing Violence against Women and Girls -- Online Appendixes -- Boxes -- 1.1 Violence against Women and Girls Hampers Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals -- 2.1 Forms of Child Marriage and Forced Marriage in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

2.2 Illustrations of Intensity and Frequency of Spousal Abuse Reported by Women -- 2.3 Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Faced by Women in South Asia -- 2.4 Illustrative Rates of Sexual Abuse Faced by Female Sex Workers in India, Nepal, and Pakistan -- 2.5 Acid Attacks on Women and Girls in South Asia -- 3.1 Equal Rights versus Protection of Victims: Women and the Private and Public Divide -- 3.2 The Curse of Being a Tharu Girl: Kamlari System in Nepal -- 3.3 Custodial Violence in Conflict-Affected Areas: Sri Lanka -- 3.4 Gender-Based Violence in Refugee Camps in Bhutan -- 3.5 Stigma of Tradition: Badi Women of Nepal -- 3.6 Double Marginalization and Violence -- 4.1 Methodological Challenges in Evaluating Interventions -- 4.2 Preventing Female Infanticide in Tamil Nadu, India -- 4.3 "Scale, Speed, and Selectivity": Lessons from Bangladesh for Addressing Excess Female Child Mortality -- 4.4 Beyond Livelihoods: Building Land and Non-Land Financial Assets for Girls in India -- 4.5 We Can Campaign to End Violence against Women -- 4.6 Nepal's One-Stop Crisis Management Centers -- 4.7 Alliance against Sexual Harassment in Pakistan (AASHA) -- 4.8 Gender Equity Movement in Schools (GEMS) in India -- 5.1 White Ribbon Campaign in Pakistan -- Figures -- ES.1 Child Marriage Prevalence: Countries with Highest Proportion Married by Age 15 -- ES.2 Evaluated Interventions by Violence Type -- 1.1 Types of Violence Experienced by Girls and Women in South Asia, by Life-Cycle Stage -- 1.2 Risk Factors for Violence against Women and Girls at Different Levels of the Social Ecology -- 2.1 Actual and Expected Female-to-Male Under-5 Mortality Rate Ratios by World Bank Regions, 2012 -- 2.2 10 Countries with Biggest Difference in Actual and Expected Under-5 Mortality Rate Ratios -- 2.3 Child Marriage Prevalence: Countries with Highest Proportion Married by Age 18.

2.4 Child Marriage Prevalence: Countries with Highest Proportion Married by Age 15 -- 2.5 Changes in Child Marriage by Age Cohort: South Asia -- 2.6 15 Countries with Highest Prevalence of Intimate Partner Sexual Violence -- 2.7 15 Countries with Highest Prevalence of Intimate Partner Physical Violence -- 2.8 Reported Physical Spousal Violence in Past 12 Months: Select South Asian Countries -- 2.9 Percentage of Ever-Married Women Who Give at Least One Reason to Justify Spousal Physical Abuse: Select South Asian Countries -- 2.10 Child Physical Abuse in India -- 2.11 Child Sexual and Emotional Abuse in India -- 2.12 Girls' Experience of Physical and Psychological Discipline in Nepal and Afghanistan -- 2.13 Cases of Dowry-Related Violence Reported to and Investigated by Authorities, India 2001-12 -- 2.14 Reported Violence by Marital Status, Afghanistan -- 2.15 Trafficked Persons by Age and Gender: Global and Select Regions/Countries, 2009-10 -- 2.16 Sexual Harassment Faced by Sex Workers, Past 12 Months, Rawalpindi, Pakistan -- 3.1 GDP per Capita, 2002 and 2012: South Asian Countries -- 3.2 Total Fertility Rate in South Asian Countries, 1990-2010 -- 3.3 Female Labor Force Participation in South Asian Countries, 1990-2010 -- 3.4 Evolution of Restrictions over Time in 100 Economies, 1960-2010 -- 4.1 Methodology to Identify Interventions -- 4.2 The Continuum of Methods to Evaluate Interventions -- 4.3 Evaluated Interventions by Violence Type (Number of Interventions) -- 4.4 Main Evaluation Methodology Used -- 4.5 Evaluated Strategies to Prevent Excess Female Child Mortality -- 4.6 Evaluated Approaches to Prevent Child Marriage -- B4.8.1 Illustrations from the GEMS Training Manual -- Map -- 2.1 Share of Women Who Have Experienced Physical/Sexual Intimate Partner Violence -- Tables -- 1.1 Definitions of Types of Violence Addressed in This Report.

1.2 Percentage of Ever-Married Women Ages 15-49 Who Reported Injuries as a Result of Physical or Sexual Violence Experienced in the 12 Months before the Survey, India and Nepal -- 2.1 Percentage of Ever-Married Women Who Think a Husband Is Justified to Beat His Wife -- 2.2 Estimates of Dowry Violence in Select South Asian Countries -- 3.1 Female Secondary School Enrollment, 1990-2012 -- 3.2 Ratio of Female-to-Male Secondary Enrollment, 1990-2013 -- 3.3 Percentage of Women in Parliament, South Asia, 2012 -- 3.4 Availability of State-Sanctioned Legal Protections across South Asian Countries, by Type of Violence -- 3.5 Risk and Protective Factors for Violence against Girls and Adolescents at Different Levels of the Social Ecology and for Different Forms of Violence -- 3.6 Risk and Protective Factors for Intimate Partner Violence at Different Levels of the Social Ecology -- 3.7 Percentages of Men Who Abused Their Wives, Stratified by Men's Experiences of Witnessing Parent-to-Parent Violence (or No Violence) in Their Families of Origin, Northern India -- 3.8 Risk and Protective Factors for Violence against Girls and Women at Different Levels of the Social Ecology for Multiple-Life-Stage Types of Violence -- 5.1 Recommendations for All Actors -- 5.2 Recommendations for Government -- 5.3 Country-Specific Recommendations for Legal Changes Where Laws Are Missing or Inadequate -- 5.4 Recommendations for All Donors -- 5.5 Recommendations for NGOs.

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