Intro -- Title Page -- Table of Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- 1 Significance and Structure of International Risk and Crisis Communication Research -- The Significance of International and Cross-Cultural Crisis Communication -- Categories of International, Cross-Cultural, and Comparative Crisis Communication Research -- Goals and Structure of the Handbook -- References -- Part I: Disciplinary Foundations for International Crisis Communication Research -- 2 Political Science Research on Crises and Crisis Communications -- Introduction -- Crises are Political Phenomena -- Governmental Structures, Processes, and Procedures -- Governmental Response Systems and Operations -- Political Leadership During Crises -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Delving into the Roots of Crises -- Introduction -- Conceptual and Methodological Pitfalls in the Traditional Crisis Management Literature -- The Event Approach to Crises -- The Process Approach to Crisis -- Weak Signals: the Genealogy of Crises -- To Conclude: To Believe or not to Believe -- Implications for Crisis Communication -- References -- 4 The Psychology of Crisis Communication -- Introduction -- Risk Communication vs. Crisis Communication -- The Psychological Application of Crisis Communication and Risk Communication -- Understanding Human Responses to Crisis Situations -- Implications for Crisis Communication -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Sociological Foundations of Crisis Communication -- Introduction -- Sociology as a Science of Crisis -- On the Terms "Crisis" and "Risk" from a Sociological Perspective -- Objectivist, Constructivist, and Integrative Concepts of Crisis -- Contributions from Sociological Subdisciplines to Crisis Research -- Sociological Theories of Crisis and Communication -- A Sociological Approach to Crisis Communication -- Conclusion -- References.

6 "Crisis" in Social Anthropology -- Introduction -- The Concept of Crisis in Cultural and Social Anthropology -- The Westernness of Crisis -- Crisis as a Heuristic Principle -- Crises and the Problem of Stasis and Dynamics, Persistence and Transformation -- Beyond Dichotomies: Crises as The Crystallization of Material and Discursive Processes of Ordering -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 7 Communication - Conclusions for an Integrative Approach to International Crisis Communication Research -- Introduction -- The Disciplinary Research Approaches to Crisis Communication and Blind Spots -- Integrative Perspectives on Crisis -- Integrative Perspectives on Crisis Communication -- Key Attributes in Handling a Situation -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Actors and Institutional Communicators in International Crises -- 8 Military, Government, and Media Management in Wartime -- Introduction -- Military Media Management - Assumptions and Practices -- Government-Media Relationships in Wartime - Theoretical Models -- New Voices of War Communication -- Conclusion and Implications for Communicator Research -- References -- 9 Crisis Communication and Terrorist Attacks -- Introduction -- Defining the Field -- Crisis Communication and Terrorism -- A Model of Meaning Construction -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Communication Concerning Disasters and Pandemics -- Introduction -- Method -- Sample -- Data Extraction and Analysis -- Results -- Trends and Gaps in the Literature on this Topic -- Conclusions and Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 International Organizational Crisis Communication -- Introduction -- International Organizational Crisis Communication -- Simple Rules: an Approach to Engaging Dynamic and Complex Contexts -- Simple Rules for Managing the Complexity of International Crisis Communication.

Simple Communication Rules Organizations Should Follow During a Crisis -- Simple Communication Rules Organizations Should not Follow During a Crisis -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 Conceptualizing Political Crisis and the Role of Public Diplomacy in Crisis Communication Research -- Introduction -- Toward a Definition of Political Crisis -- Conceptualizing Political Crisis -- Crisis Communication Strategies of Political Actors in Crisis -- Crisis Management Strategies of States in Crisis - Findings from the Icb Project -- A Neglected Link: Crisis Communication and Public Diplomacy -- Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Part III: The Role of the Media in the Construction of International Crises -- 13 The Role of the Media in the Discursive Construction of Wars -- Introduction -- Media's Role in Crisis Constructions in Threat Society -- A New World Order, New Wars, and New Media - Also a New War Journalism? -- War Journalism in the New World Order: News Frames and Journalists as Targets -- Conclusions -- References -- 14 Terrorism and the Role of the Media -- Introduction -- Terrorism as Crisis -- Literature Review -- Media form Part of the Terrorists' Strategies -- Indictments of the Media: Pro- or Anti-Terroristic -- Media Coverage and Content -- The Power of Images: the Special Role of Television and Photography -- Guidelines and Censorship - yes or no? -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 Media Framing of Disasters -- Introduction -- How Media Framing Influences Disaster Communication -- How the Media Frame Disasters -- Conclusions -- References -- 16 Organizational Crisis and the News Media -- Introduction -- Significance of the Media in Crisis Communications Studies -- The Role of the Media in Organizational Crises -- Transnational Organizational Crises - Findings of International Comparative Research -- Conclusion: Research Desiderata.

References -- 17 Political, Social, and Economic Crises in Public Communication -- Reputation, Order, and Scandal -- Social Order and Crisis -- Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere and the New Volatility of Reputation -- Conclusion -- References -- Part IV: Domestic and International Audiences in the Context of Crisis Communication -- 18 War, Media, and Public Opinion -- Introduction -- Casualties and Public Opinion -- Mueller's Hypothesis - Log of Cumulative Casualties -- National, Local, Marginal Casualties -- Media, Casualties, and Public Opinion -- The Iraq War and International Public Opinion -- Conclusion -- References -- 19 Terrorism - Orchestrated Staging and Indicator of Crisis -- Introduction -- History -- Definition -- Terror Attacks -- Terrorism as a New Research Domain -- Terrorism and the Media -- Terrorism and the Public's Reactions -- The Media-Induced Assumption of a Connection Between the Threat of Terrorism and the Muslim World -- Conclusions -- References -- 20 Reoccurring Challenges and Emerging Threats -- Introduction -- Information Seeking -- Secondary Audience Reactions -- Addressing Variability in Psychological Responses -- Immigration -- Knowledge Gaps -- Specific Channels -- New Media -- Measurement and Research in Disasters and Pandemics -- Conclusion -- References -- 21 Domestic and International Audiences of Organizational Crisis Communication -- Introduction -- Attributions of Responsibility -- Audience Characteristics that Affect Responsibility Attributions -- Covariation -- Emotions -- Cultural Differences -- Conclusion -- References -- 22 Environmental Crises and the Public -- Defining and Systematizing Environmental Crisis -- The Audience of Crisis Communication in Latent Environmental Crises -- The Audience of Crisis Communication in Immediate Environmental Crises -- Conclusion -- References.

Part V: The State of Crisis Communication Research Around the Globe -- 23 Crisis Communication Research in South Africa -- Introduction -- Recent South African Literature on Crisis Communication -- Crisis Communication at the National Level -- Rethinking Crisis Communication in the Media: Peace Journalism -- Conclusions -- References -- 24 Crisis Communication Research in Nigeria -- Crisis Communication in Nigeria is Compounded by Culture, Ethnicity, and Religion -- The Context of Crisis Communication Research in Nigeria -- Case Study 1: Obasanjo and the Ikeja-Lagos Armory Explosion, 2002 -- Case Study 2: President Umaru Yar'adua's Illness and Death, 2007-2010 -- Case Study 3: Dana Air Crash, 2012 -- Conclusion -- References -- 25 Crisis Communication Research in the Chinese Mainland -- Introduction -- The Context of Crisis Communication in China: Political and Media Systems -- The Status of Chinese Crisis Communication Research -- What Chinese Crisis Communication (Ccc) Research Tells Us -- Crisis type -- Perspectives of Ccc Research and Their Implications -- Case Study: the Guo Meimei Incident and the Credibility Crisis of the Red Cross Society of China -- Conclusions -- References -- 26 Crisis Communication Research in Singapore -- The Singaporean Context of Crisis Communication Research -- Topics and Issues of Crisis Communication in Singapore -- Case Study: Derailed - the Smrt Crises in 2011 -- Challenges and Future Developments of Singaporean Crisis Communication Research -- References -- 27 Crisis Communication Research in South Korea -- Introduction -- Status of Crisis Communication Research in South Korea -- Organizational Perspectives in South Korean Crisis Communication Research -- Audience Perspective in South Korean Crisis Communication Research -- Media Perspectives in South Korean Crisis Communication Research.

Case Study: Korea's Beef Crisis in 2008.

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