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Gang Transitions and Transformations in an International Context.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextPublisher: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2016Copyright date: ©2016Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (313 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9783319296029
Subject(s): Genre/Form: DDC classification:
  • 364.1066
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Participation in and Transformation of Gangs (and Gang Research) in an International Context: Reflections on the Eurogang Research Program -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 A Brief History of the Eurogang Research Program -- 1.3 How the Fifth Eurogang Volume Reflects the Eurogang Context -- 1.3.1 Collaboration Among Researchers -- 1.3.2 Defining Street Gangs -- 1.3.3 Diverse Methods for Studying Gangs and Responses to Them -- 1.4 Transitions and Transformations -- References -- Part I: Gang Participation and Impacts on Individual Behavior -- Chapter 2: Street Gang Definitions Across Two US Cities: Eurogang Criteria, Group Identity Characteristics, and Peer Group Involvement in Crime -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Background -- 2.3 Methods -- 2.3.1 Sample and Design -- 2.3.2 Characteristics of the Sample -- 2.3.3 Measurement of Variables -- 2.3.3.1 Demographics -- 2.3.3.2 Group Processes and Embeddedness -- 2.3.3.3 Composition of Respondent's Social Network -- 2.4 Results -- 2.5 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 3: Gang Membership and Involvement in Violence among US Adolescents: A Test of Construct Validity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Data and Methods -- 3.2.1 Measures -- 3.3 Analysis Strategy -- 3.4 Results -- 3.5 Discussion -- Appendix 3.1: Descriptive Statistics and Estimated Item Severity -- References -- Chapter 4: Fear and Retaliation: Gang Violence in Brussels and Caracas -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods -- 4.3 The Predictable Unpredictability of Retaliation -- 4.4 Fear, Groupthink, and Incompetent Violence: Distortions in the Retaliation Process -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Micro-Place Conditions and Social, Personal, and Situational Control Mechanisms: Testing an Integrated Theory of Gang Membership in Belgium.
5.1 Introduction and Goals of the Present Study -- 5.2 Towards an Analytical Approach Towards the Study of Gang Involvement -- 5.3 An Integrated Condition-Control-Exposure Model of Gang Involvement -- 5.3.1 Micro-Place Disorder (Condition) -- 5.3.2 The Unexplored Role of External Locus of Control (Control) -- 5.3.3 Lifestyle Risk as Exposure to Criminogenic Moral Settings (Exposure) -- 5.3.4 The Condition-Control-Exposure Model -- 5.4 Data and Methods -- 5.4.1 Setting and Participants -- 5.4.2 Measures of Scale Constructs -- 5.4.3 Analysis Plan -- 5.5 Results -- 5.6 Discussion and Conclusion -- Appendix 1: Constructs with Factor Loadings and Alpha Values -- Appendix 2: Path Analyses of the CCE-Model of GANG Involvement by Gender and by Immigrant Background -- References -- Chapter 6: Gang Youth and Friendship Networks in California Correctional Facilities: Examining Friendship Structure and Composition for Incarcerated Gang and Non-Gang Youth -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Background Literature and Hypotheses -- 6.2.1 Gangs in Correctional Settings -- 6.2.2 Responding to Institutional Gangs -- 6.2.3 Social Networks, Gangs, and Peers -- 6.2.4 Gang Organization and Friendship Choice -- 6.3 Research Methods -- 6.4 Network Instrument -- 6.5 Data -- 6.6 Analysis -- 6.7 Measures -- 6.8 Results -- 6.9 Discussion -- 6.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Israeli and US Gangs in the Virtual World: The Sociocultural Context of Gang Members' Online Activity -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Youth Online Activities -- 7.2.1 Theoretical Framework -- 7.2.2 Online Behaviors Across Cultures: Convergence or Divergence? -- 7.2.3 Deviant Groups and the Web -- 7.2.4 Youth Gangs and the Internet -- 7.3 Methods -- 7.3.1 Data -- 7.3.2 Dependent Variables -- 7.3.3 Independent Variables -- 7.3.3.1 Demographics -- 7.3.3.2 Online Routine Activities -- 7.3.3.3 Online Gang Activities.
7.3.3.4 Analytic Strategy -- 7.4 Results -- 7.4.1 Descriptive and Bivariate Statistics -- 7.4.2 Multivariate Regression Models -- 7.5 Discussion -- References -- Part II: Transitions and Gang Transformation -- Chapter 8: Motivations for Leaving Gangs in the USA: A Qualitative Comparison of Leaving Processes Across Gang Definitions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Research Comparing Definitional Approaches -- 8.3 Motivations for Desistance -- 8.4 Summary and Current Study -- 8.5 Methods -- 8.5.1 Prospective Quantitative Sample -- 8.5.2 Retrospective Qualitative Sample -- 8.5.3 Combined Analysis Sample and Operationalization of Desisted Youth -- 8.5.4 Motivations for Desistance -- 8.6 Findings -- 8.6.1 Comparing Conceptual Definitions -- 8.6.2 Comparison of Prospective and Retrospective Motivations -- 8.7 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Dutch Crips Run Dry in Liquid Society -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Gang Identity and Life Course in a Changing Context -- 9.3 Methods -- 9.4 The Emergence of Crips in The Hague -- 9.5 Reputation and Identity -- 9.6 Gang Economy and Desistance -- 9.7 Branche in Amsterdam -- 9.8 Alternative Identity -- 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Why Do Flemish Youth Participate in Right-­Wing Disruptive Groups? -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 An Integrative Mechanism-Based Approach -- 10.2.1 Strain Initiated Model -- 10.2.1.1 Perceived Injustice and Anomia as Strain -- 10.2.1.2 Authoritarianism as an Exogenous Variable -- 10.2.1.3 Perceived Group Threat as Mediator of Perceived Strains -- 10.2.1.4 Ethnocentrism and Superiority as Consequences of Perceived Group Threat -- 10.2.2 Low Self-Control Initiated Model -- 10.2.3 Proximate Causes -- 10.2.3.1 Moral Support for Right-Wing Extremism -- 10.2.3.2 Exposure to Racist Peers -- 10.3 Data and Method -- 10.3.1 Method and Sample -- 10.3.2 Measurement of Constructs.
10.3.2.1 Dependent Variable -- 10.3.2.2 Exogenous and Independent Variables -- 10.3.3 Analysis Plan -- 10.4 Results -- 10.5 Discussion and Conclusion -- Appendix 1: Question Wording and Scale Construct -- Appendix 2: Indirect Effects -- References -- Chapter 11: Youth Gang Members' Transitions into and Within US Prisons -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Joining the Gang -- 11.3 Youth Gang Members and the Transition to Prison -- 11.4 Current Study -- 11.4.1 Analysis -- 11.5 Results -- 11.5.1 Joining the Gang -- 11.5.2 Gang Membership Inside Prison -- 11.6 Summary -- References -- Part III: Fostering Gang Transition and Transformation: Strategies for Prevention and Intervention -- Chapter 12: A Brief Review and Meta-Analysis of Gang Intervention Trials in North America -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Method -- 12.2.1 Literature Search -- 12.2.2 Inclusion Criteria -- 12.2.3 Coding of Studies -- 12.2.4 Effect Size Estimation -- 12.2.5 Analysis -- 12.3 Characteristics of the Studies -- 12.4 Results -- 12.5 Challenges and Limitations -- 12.6 Model Gang Intervention Evaluations -- 12.7 Discussion -- References -- [*References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analysis.] -- Chapter 13: The Real Deal: On Positive, Street-Oriented Role Models in Response to Dutch Gangs and Youth at Risk -- 13.1 A Response to Gangs with Role Models -- 13.2 A New Development in the Netherlands -- 13.2.1 The Idea of Using Local Role Models in the Netherlands -- 13.2.2 A First Dutch Research Project with Street-Oriented Role Models -- 13.2.3 Showing Anger with Love -- 13.3 A Role Model Experiment in Rogue District -- 13.3.1 Finding Local Role Models in Rogue District -- 13.3.2 Goals and Conditions of the Experiment -- 13.3.3 Preliminary Findings in Rogue District -- 13.4 Does the Use of Street-Oriented Role Models Show Promise? -- References.
Chapter 14: Collaboration as Usual? The Swedish Approach to Prevention and Intervention with Troublesome Youth Groups -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Present Gang Issue in Sweden -- 14.3 The Formation of the Current Swedish Approach -- 14.4 Responses Begin to Take Shape -- 14.5 Developments at the National Level -- 14.6 Implications of the Swedish Approach: SSPF in Action -- 14.7 Teasing Out Fidelity Problems -- 14.8 Exploring Implications of the Swedish Approach (Contd.) -- 14.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Policing Gangs and Organized Crime: Reflections on Conceptual Confusion and Its Consequences from Two Swedish Case Studies -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Consequence of Working Without Proper Problem Definition -- 15.3 The Consequence of Working with Broad Definitions -- 15.4 The Need to Clearly Conceptualize and Better Understand the Emergence of Criminal Organization -- References -- Chapter 16: Pulling Levers on Gang Violence in London and St. Paul -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Policing Gangs in Saint Paul -- 16.3 Policing Gangs in London -- 16.4 Method -- 16.5 Findings -- 16.5.1 Problem Analysis -- 16.5.1.1 St. Paul -- 16.5.1.2 London -- 16.5.2 Demonstration Enforcement Action -- 16.5.2.1 Saint Paul -- 16.5.2.2 London -- 16.5.3 Community Moral Voices and Social Services -- 16.5.3.1 Saint Paul -- 16.5.3.2 London -- 16.5.4 The Call-In -- 16.5.4.1 Saint Paul -- 16.5.4.2 London -- 16.5.5 Maintenance and Ensuring Program Integrity -- 16.5.5.1 Saint Paul -- 16.5.5.2 London -- 16.6 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Index.
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Intro -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Participation in and Transformation of Gangs (and Gang Research) in an International Context: Reflections on the Eurogang Research Program -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 A Brief History of the Eurogang Research Program -- 1.3 How the Fifth Eurogang Volume Reflects the Eurogang Context -- 1.3.1 Collaboration Among Researchers -- 1.3.2 Defining Street Gangs -- 1.3.3 Diverse Methods for Studying Gangs and Responses to Them -- 1.4 Transitions and Transformations -- References -- Part I: Gang Participation and Impacts on Individual Behavior -- Chapter 2: Street Gang Definitions Across Two US Cities: Eurogang Criteria, Group Identity Characteristics, and Peer Group Involvement in Crime -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Background -- 2.3 Methods -- 2.3.1 Sample and Design -- 2.3.2 Characteristics of the Sample -- 2.3.3 Measurement of Variables -- 2.3.3.1 Demographics -- 2.3.3.2 Group Processes and Embeddedness -- 2.3.3.3 Composition of Respondent's Social Network -- 2.4 Results -- 2.5 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 3: Gang Membership and Involvement in Violence among US Adolescents: A Test of Construct Validity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Data and Methods -- 3.2.1 Measures -- 3.3 Analysis Strategy -- 3.4 Results -- 3.5 Discussion -- Appendix 3.1: Descriptive Statistics and Estimated Item Severity -- References -- Chapter 4: Fear and Retaliation: Gang Violence in Brussels and Caracas -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods -- 4.3 The Predictable Unpredictability of Retaliation -- 4.4 Fear, Groupthink, and Incompetent Violence: Distortions in the Retaliation Process -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Micro-Place Conditions and Social, Personal, and Situational Control Mechanisms: Testing an Integrated Theory of Gang Membership in Belgium.

5.1 Introduction and Goals of the Present Study -- 5.2 Towards an Analytical Approach Towards the Study of Gang Involvement -- 5.3 An Integrated Condition-Control-Exposure Model of Gang Involvement -- 5.3.1 Micro-Place Disorder (Condition) -- 5.3.2 The Unexplored Role of External Locus of Control (Control) -- 5.3.3 Lifestyle Risk as Exposure to Criminogenic Moral Settings (Exposure) -- 5.3.4 The Condition-Control-Exposure Model -- 5.4 Data and Methods -- 5.4.1 Setting and Participants -- 5.4.2 Measures of Scale Constructs -- 5.4.3 Analysis Plan -- 5.5 Results -- 5.6 Discussion and Conclusion -- Appendix 1: Constructs with Factor Loadings and Alpha Values -- Appendix 2: Path Analyses of the CCE-Model of GANG Involvement by Gender and by Immigrant Background -- References -- Chapter 6: Gang Youth and Friendship Networks in California Correctional Facilities: Examining Friendship Structure and Composition for Incarcerated Gang and Non-Gang Youth -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Background Literature and Hypotheses -- 6.2.1 Gangs in Correctional Settings -- 6.2.2 Responding to Institutional Gangs -- 6.2.3 Social Networks, Gangs, and Peers -- 6.2.4 Gang Organization and Friendship Choice -- 6.3 Research Methods -- 6.4 Network Instrument -- 6.5 Data -- 6.6 Analysis -- 6.7 Measures -- 6.8 Results -- 6.9 Discussion -- 6.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Israeli and US Gangs in the Virtual World: The Sociocultural Context of Gang Members' Online Activity -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Youth Online Activities -- 7.2.1 Theoretical Framework -- 7.2.2 Online Behaviors Across Cultures: Convergence or Divergence? -- 7.2.3 Deviant Groups and the Web -- 7.2.4 Youth Gangs and the Internet -- 7.3 Methods -- 7.3.1 Data -- 7.3.2 Dependent Variables -- 7.3.3 Independent Variables -- 7.3.3.1 Demographics -- 7.3.3.2 Online Routine Activities -- 7.3.3.3 Online Gang Activities.

7.3.3.4 Analytic Strategy -- 7.4 Results -- 7.4.1 Descriptive and Bivariate Statistics -- 7.4.2 Multivariate Regression Models -- 7.5 Discussion -- References -- Part II: Transitions and Gang Transformation -- Chapter 8: Motivations for Leaving Gangs in the USA: A Qualitative Comparison of Leaving Processes Across Gang Definitions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Research Comparing Definitional Approaches -- 8.3 Motivations for Desistance -- 8.4 Summary and Current Study -- 8.5 Methods -- 8.5.1 Prospective Quantitative Sample -- 8.5.2 Retrospective Qualitative Sample -- 8.5.3 Combined Analysis Sample and Operationalization of Desisted Youth -- 8.5.4 Motivations for Desistance -- 8.6 Findings -- 8.6.1 Comparing Conceptual Definitions -- 8.6.2 Comparison of Prospective and Retrospective Motivations -- 8.7 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Dutch Crips Run Dry in Liquid Society -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Gang Identity and Life Course in a Changing Context -- 9.3 Methods -- 9.4 The Emergence of Crips in The Hague -- 9.5 Reputation and Identity -- 9.6 Gang Economy and Desistance -- 9.7 Branche in Amsterdam -- 9.8 Alternative Identity -- 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Why Do Flemish Youth Participate in Right-­Wing Disruptive Groups? -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 An Integrative Mechanism-Based Approach -- 10.2.1 Strain Initiated Model -- 10.2.1.1 Perceived Injustice and Anomia as Strain -- 10.2.1.2 Authoritarianism as an Exogenous Variable -- 10.2.1.3 Perceived Group Threat as Mediator of Perceived Strains -- 10.2.1.4 Ethnocentrism and Superiority as Consequences of Perceived Group Threat -- 10.2.2 Low Self-Control Initiated Model -- 10.2.3 Proximate Causes -- 10.2.3.1 Moral Support for Right-Wing Extremism -- 10.2.3.2 Exposure to Racist Peers -- 10.3 Data and Method -- 10.3.1 Method and Sample -- 10.3.2 Measurement of Constructs.

10.3.2.1 Dependent Variable -- 10.3.2.2 Exogenous and Independent Variables -- 10.3.3 Analysis Plan -- 10.4 Results -- 10.5 Discussion and Conclusion -- Appendix 1: Question Wording and Scale Construct -- Appendix 2: Indirect Effects -- References -- Chapter 11: Youth Gang Members' Transitions into and Within US Prisons -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Joining the Gang -- 11.3 Youth Gang Members and the Transition to Prison -- 11.4 Current Study -- 11.4.1 Analysis -- 11.5 Results -- 11.5.1 Joining the Gang -- 11.5.2 Gang Membership Inside Prison -- 11.6 Summary -- References -- Part III: Fostering Gang Transition and Transformation: Strategies for Prevention and Intervention -- Chapter 12: A Brief Review and Meta-Analysis of Gang Intervention Trials in North America -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Method -- 12.2.1 Literature Search -- 12.2.2 Inclusion Criteria -- 12.2.3 Coding of Studies -- 12.2.4 Effect Size Estimation -- 12.2.5 Analysis -- 12.3 Characteristics of the Studies -- 12.4 Results -- 12.5 Challenges and Limitations -- 12.6 Model Gang Intervention Evaluations -- 12.7 Discussion -- References -- [*References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analysis.] -- Chapter 13: The Real Deal: On Positive, Street-Oriented Role Models in Response to Dutch Gangs and Youth at Risk -- 13.1 A Response to Gangs with Role Models -- 13.2 A New Development in the Netherlands -- 13.2.1 The Idea of Using Local Role Models in the Netherlands -- 13.2.2 A First Dutch Research Project with Street-Oriented Role Models -- 13.2.3 Showing Anger with Love -- 13.3 A Role Model Experiment in Rogue District -- 13.3.1 Finding Local Role Models in Rogue District -- 13.3.2 Goals and Conditions of the Experiment -- 13.3.3 Preliminary Findings in Rogue District -- 13.4 Does the Use of Street-Oriented Role Models Show Promise? -- References.

Chapter 14: Collaboration as Usual? The Swedish Approach to Prevention and Intervention with Troublesome Youth Groups -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Present Gang Issue in Sweden -- 14.3 The Formation of the Current Swedish Approach -- 14.4 Responses Begin to Take Shape -- 14.5 Developments at the National Level -- 14.6 Implications of the Swedish Approach: SSPF in Action -- 14.7 Teasing Out Fidelity Problems -- 14.8 Exploring Implications of the Swedish Approach (Contd.) -- 14.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Policing Gangs and Organized Crime: Reflections on Conceptual Confusion and Its Consequences from Two Swedish Case Studies -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Consequence of Working Without Proper Problem Definition -- 15.3 The Consequence of Working with Broad Definitions -- 15.4 The Need to Clearly Conceptualize and Better Understand the Emergence of Criminal Organization -- References -- Chapter 16: Pulling Levers on Gang Violence in London and St. Paul -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Policing Gangs in Saint Paul -- 16.3 Policing Gangs in London -- 16.4 Method -- 16.5 Findings -- 16.5.1 Problem Analysis -- 16.5.1.1 St. Paul -- 16.5.1.2 London -- 16.5.2 Demonstration Enforcement Action -- 16.5.2.1 Saint Paul -- 16.5.2.2 London -- 16.5.3 Community Moral Voices and Social Services -- 16.5.3.1 Saint Paul -- 16.5.3.2 London -- 16.5.4 The Call-In -- 16.5.4.1 Saint Paul -- 16.5.4.2 London -- 16.5.5 Maintenance and Ensuring Program Integrity -- 16.5.5.1 Saint Paul -- 16.5.5.2 London -- 16.6 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Index.

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