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Diffusion Tensor Imaging : A Practical Handbook.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextPublisher: New York, NY : Springer, 2015Copyright date: ©2016Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (442 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781493931187
Subject(s): Genre/Form: DDC classification:
  • 616.8/047548
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- About the Contents -- Acknowledgments and Thanks -- Personal Notes -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Introduction -- 1: How to Use this Book -- Aim and Scope -- Contents -- Decision schemes -- 2: Introduction to Diffusion Tensor Imaging -- Learning Points -- Introducing the DTI Technique -- A Useful Contrast -- How Does DTI Work? -- A Quantitative Technique -- Applications -- The DTI Pipeline -- The Goal of the DTI Investigation -- Data Acquisition -- Data Pre-processing -- Data Analysis -- Interpretation -- The DTI Balancing Act -- The Future Role of DTI in Clinical Practice -- References -- Part II: Diffusion Tensor Imaging: From Theory to Practice -- 3: Concepts of Diffusion in MRI -- Learning Points -- What Is Diffusion? -- Hindered/Restricted/Free Diffusion -- Restricted Diffusion -- Hindered Diffusion -- Microstructural Tissue Properties at the Scale of Diffusion MR Measurements -- Sensitizing MR Measurements to Diffusion -- Basic Concepts: How to Diffusion Weight the MRI Signal -- The Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo Sequence -- How the PGSE Signal Is Generated -- b-Value: A Handy Way to Quantify Diffusion Weighting -- PGSE Signal -- Free, Hindered, and Restricted Diffusion -- References -- Suggested Reading -- 4: From Diffusion to the Diffusion Tensor -- Learning Points -- The (Self-)Diffusion Coefficient -- Measuring (Self-)Diffusion in the MR Scanner -- Conclusions -- The Apparent Diffusion Coefficient -- Apparent Complications -- Apparent Advantages -- Conclusions -- Gradient Directions and Anisotropy -- Anisotropic Complications -- Anisotropic Advantages -- Getting a Grip on the Information Overload -- Conclusions -- The (Apparent) Diffusion Tensor -- Motivation and Implications of Modeling -- Understanding DTI, in Theory: The Maths! -- Understanding the Tensor Elements, in Practice.
Understanding the Tensor, in Practice: Peanuts! -- Conclusions -- Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors -- The Tensor Elements: Not Very Practical -- Reasoned Wishful Thinking of Alternatives -- Maths to the Rescue: The Eigendecomposition -- Understanding the Eigenvalues, in Practice -- Understanding the Eigenvectors, in Practice -- Conclusions -- Visualizations, Measures, and Maps -- Aiming for Usability: Tensor Glyphs -- Mapping Size: Mean Diffusivity (MD) and Friends -- Mapping Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Orientation -- Exploring Shape Space and Reaching Beyond… -- Conclusions -- Tensor Fitting Methods -- Facing the Issue -- LLS: Quick and Dirty -- WLLS: Still Quick, Less Dirty -- NLS: A Long and Brave Quest in the Mountains -- RESTORE and Beyond: Expecting the Unexpected -- Conclusions -- Final Conclusions -- References -- Suggested Reading -- 5: Quantitative DTI Measures -- Learning Points -- Why Is Quantification Important in Medical Imaging? -- Which Quantitative Measures Can Be Calculated from a DTI Dataset? -- Diffusivity Measures -- Trace -- Mean Diffusivity (MD) -- Axial Diffusivity (AD) -- Radial Diffusivity (RD) -- Westin Measures -- Anisotropy Measures -- Fractional Anisotropy (FA) -- Quantitative Parameters Derived from Multi-Shell dMRI -- Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging -- Tissue (Compartment) Model-Based Approaches -- Section Summary -- The Influence of Image Acquisition on DTI Parameters -- Effect of Field Strength -- Effect of Number of DWIs -- Effect of b-Value -- Effect of Image Quality -- Noise -- Artifacts -- Section Summary -- Interpreting Quantitative Diffusion Measures -- Relating DTI Parameters to Neurobiology -- Fractional Anisotropy -- Mean Diffusivity -- Axial and Radial Diffusivities -- Fibre Count -- DTI Parameters as Complementary Measures -- Section Summary -- Challenges of Interpretation -- Model Limitations.
Biological Confounds -- Demographics -- Timing -- Complex Tissue Architecture and Crossing Fibres -- Impact of Crossing Fibres on FA -- Impact of Crossing Fibres on the Trace -- Impact of Crossing Fibres on Mean Diffusivity -- Impact of Crossing Fibre Configurations on AD and RD -- Technical Issues -- Partial Volume Effects -- Impact of CSF Contamination on Diffusion Metrics -- The Role of the Analysis Technique -- Section Summary -- Chapter Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- 6: Survivor's Guide to DTI Acquisition -- Learning Points -- Introduction -- Stejskal-Tanner Diffusion Encoding -- Acquisition Background -- K-Space -- Complex Numbers -- The Echo Planar Imaging Acquisition -- Echo Planar Imaging -- Scan Parameters and Their Effects -- Consequences of the EPI Trajectory -- Hardware Limitations -- Examples and Mitigation of DTI-EPI Artifacts -- Considerations When Prescribing EPI -- Pros and Cons of Multi-shot EPI -- The Fast Spin-Echo Acquisition -- Motion Sensitivity of Diffusion-­Weighted Imaging -- The Reconstruction -- Parallel Imaging -- Partial Fourier Imaging -- Eddy Current Correction -- Pediatric Considerations -- Conclusion -- References -- 7: Checking and Correcting DTI Data -- Learning Points -- Introduction -- Recognition and Correction of Artifacts -- Eddy Current-Induced Distortions -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Subject Motion -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Interslice Instabilities -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition in Image Processing Stage -- Table Vibrations -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Pulsation -- Origin.
Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Susceptibility-Induced Distortions -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Nyquist Ghosting -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Gibbs Ringing -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Chemical Shift Artifact -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition in Image Processing Stage -- Signal and Slice Dropouts -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Quality Assurance -- QA and Phantoms -- Quality Control -- Implications for Further Analysis -- Effects of Bad Quality Data on Quantification -- Effects of Bad Quality Data on Tractography Results -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Part III: Diffusion Tensor Imaging Analysis -- 8: Strategies and Challenges in DTI Analysis -- Learning Points -- Introduction to DTI Analysis -- Why Do We Need to Analyze DTI Data? -- DTI Analysis Techniques -- Whole-Brain Analysis Techniques -- Histogram Analysis -- Region-Specific Analysis Techniques -- Region of Interest Analysis -- Tractography Analysis -- Voxel-Based Analysis -- Choosing an Optimal Analysis Approach -- Things to Consider before Starting DTI Data Analysis -- Goal and Hypothesis -- The Study Population -- The Data Acquisition -- The Resources -- Selecting an Optimal DTI Analysis Approach -- Selecting a Software Package to Analyze the Data -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Memory Game Solution -- References -- Suggested Reading -- 9: DTI Analysis Methods: Region of Interest Analysis -- Learning Points.
Introduction -- When to Use ROI Analysis -- When Not to Use ROI Analysis -- Well-Defined Regions -- Atlas-Based ROIs -- ROI Definition -- Effect of Motion and Size -- Registration -- Spatial Normalization -- Statistical Analysis -- Summary: The Pros and Cons of ROI Analysis -- References -- 10: DTI Analysis Methods: Voxel-Based Analysis -- Learning Points -- An Introduction to Voxel-Based Analysis -- Summary Points -- From Individual Data Sets to VBA Group Results: The Different Steps -- Summary Points -- Image Registration -- Introduction -- Image Registration Techniques -- Summary Points -- Registration of DTI Data -- DTI Registration Challenge 1: Reorientation -- DTI Registration Challenge 2: The Tensor Information -- Scalar Anatomical MRI Information, Such as 3D T1-Weighted Images -- Scalar DTI Information, Such as FA or MD Maps -- Diffusion Tensor Information -- Summary Points -- Atlas or Template -- Standard Template -- Population-Specific Atlas -- Summary Points -- Smoothing -- What Is Smoothing? -- Why Should You Smooth (and Why Not)? -- Determining the Smoothing Kernel Size -- Smoothing in DTI -- Summary Points -- Statistical Analysis -- The "Multiple Comparisons" Problem -- Parametric or Nonparametric Statistics? -- Summary Points -- To VBA or Not to VBA? -- Pros and Cons -- Why Parameter Settings Are Important? -- Tract-Based Spatial Statistics, an Alternative to VBA -- How Do TBSS and Classical VBA Approaches Compare? -- VBA in Clinical Practice? -- Conclusion -- References -- 11: DTI Analysis Methods: Fibre Tracking and Connectivity -- Learning Points -- From Local to Global -- Principles of Deterministic Tractography -- Data Requirements -- Resolution -- b-Value -- Gradient Directions/Signal Averages -- Field Strength -- Tract Selection -- Seeding -- Logic Combination: OR/AND/NOT -- Good Practice for ROI-Drawing.
Probabilistic Tractography.
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Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- About the Contents -- Acknowledgments and Thanks -- Personal Notes -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Introduction -- 1: How to Use this Book -- Aim and Scope -- Contents -- Decision schemes -- 2: Introduction to Diffusion Tensor Imaging -- Learning Points -- Introducing the DTI Technique -- A Useful Contrast -- How Does DTI Work? -- A Quantitative Technique -- Applications -- The DTI Pipeline -- The Goal of the DTI Investigation -- Data Acquisition -- Data Pre-processing -- Data Analysis -- Interpretation -- The DTI Balancing Act -- The Future Role of DTI in Clinical Practice -- References -- Part II: Diffusion Tensor Imaging: From Theory to Practice -- 3: Concepts of Diffusion in MRI -- Learning Points -- What Is Diffusion? -- Hindered/Restricted/Free Diffusion -- Restricted Diffusion -- Hindered Diffusion -- Microstructural Tissue Properties at the Scale of Diffusion MR Measurements -- Sensitizing MR Measurements to Diffusion -- Basic Concepts: How to Diffusion Weight the MRI Signal -- The Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo Sequence -- How the PGSE Signal Is Generated -- b-Value: A Handy Way to Quantify Diffusion Weighting -- PGSE Signal -- Free, Hindered, and Restricted Diffusion -- References -- Suggested Reading -- 4: From Diffusion to the Diffusion Tensor -- Learning Points -- The (Self-)Diffusion Coefficient -- Measuring (Self-)Diffusion in the MR Scanner -- Conclusions -- The Apparent Diffusion Coefficient -- Apparent Complications -- Apparent Advantages -- Conclusions -- Gradient Directions and Anisotropy -- Anisotropic Complications -- Anisotropic Advantages -- Getting a Grip on the Information Overload -- Conclusions -- The (Apparent) Diffusion Tensor -- Motivation and Implications of Modeling -- Understanding DTI, in Theory: The Maths! -- Understanding the Tensor Elements, in Practice.

Understanding the Tensor, in Practice: Peanuts! -- Conclusions -- Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors -- The Tensor Elements: Not Very Practical -- Reasoned Wishful Thinking of Alternatives -- Maths to the Rescue: The Eigendecomposition -- Understanding the Eigenvalues, in Practice -- Understanding the Eigenvectors, in Practice -- Conclusions -- Visualizations, Measures, and Maps -- Aiming for Usability: Tensor Glyphs -- Mapping Size: Mean Diffusivity (MD) and Friends -- Mapping Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Orientation -- Exploring Shape Space and Reaching Beyond… -- Conclusions -- Tensor Fitting Methods -- Facing the Issue -- LLS: Quick and Dirty -- WLLS: Still Quick, Less Dirty -- NLS: A Long and Brave Quest in the Mountains -- RESTORE and Beyond: Expecting the Unexpected -- Conclusions -- Final Conclusions -- References -- Suggested Reading -- 5: Quantitative DTI Measures -- Learning Points -- Why Is Quantification Important in Medical Imaging? -- Which Quantitative Measures Can Be Calculated from a DTI Dataset? -- Diffusivity Measures -- Trace -- Mean Diffusivity (MD) -- Axial Diffusivity (AD) -- Radial Diffusivity (RD) -- Westin Measures -- Anisotropy Measures -- Fractional Anisotropy (FA) -- Quantitative Parameters Derived from Multi-Shell dMRI -- Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging -- Tissue (Compartment) Model-Based Approaches -- Section Summary -- The Influence of Image Acquisition on DTI Parameters -- Effect of Field Strength -- Effect of Number of DWIs -- Effect of b-Value -- Effect of Image Quality -- Noise -- Artifacts -- Section Summary -- Interpreting Quantitative Diffusion Measures -- Relating DTI Parameters to Neurobiology -- Fractional Anisotropy -- Mean Diffusivity -- Axial and Radial Diffusivities -- Fibre Count -- DTI Parameters as Complementary Measures -- Section Summary -- Challenges of Interpretation -- Model Limitations.

Biological Confounds -- Demographics -- Timing -- Complex Tissue Architecture and Crossing Fibres -- Impact of Crossing Fibres on FA -- Impact of Crossing Fibres on the Trace -- Impact of Crossing Fibres on Mean Diffusivity -- Impact of Crossing Fibre Configurations on AD and RD -- Technical Issues -- Partial Volume Effects -- Impact of CSF Contamination on Diffusion Metrics -- The Role of the Analysis Technique -- Section Summary -- Chapter Summary -- References -- Suggested Reading -- 6: Survivor's Guide to DTI Acquisition -- Learning Points -- Introduction -- Stejskal-Tanner Diffusion Encoding -- Acquisition Background -- K-Space -- Complex Numbers -- The Echo Planar Imaging Acquisition -- Echo Planar Imaging -- Scan Parameters and Their Effects -- Consequences of the EPI Trajectory -- Hardware Limitations -- Examples and Mitigation of DTI-EPI Artifacts -- Considerations When Prescribing EPI -- Pros and Cons of Multi-shot EPI -- The Fast Spin-Echo Acquisition -- Motion Sensitivity of Diffusion-­Weighted Imaging -- The Reconstruction -- Parallel Imaging -- Partial Fourier Imaging -- Eddy Current Correction -- Pediatric Considerations -- Conclusion -- References -- 7: Checking and Correcting DTI Data -- Learning Points -- Introduction -- Recognition and Correction of Artifacts -- Eddy Current-Induced Distortions -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Subject Motion -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Interslice Instabilities -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition in Image Processing Stage -- Table Vibrations -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Pulsation -- Origin.

Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Susceptibility-Induced Distortions -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Nyquist Ghosting -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Gibbs Ringing -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Chemical Shift Artifact -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition in Image Processing Stage -- Signal and Slice Dropouts -- Origin -- Recognition and Correction in Acquisition Stage -- Recognition and Correction in Image Processing Stage -- Quality Assurance -- QA and Phantoms -- Quality Control -- Implications for Further Analysis -- Effects of Bad Quality Data on Quantification -- Effects of Bad Quality Data on Tractography Results -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Part III: Diffusion Tensor Imaging Analysis -- 8: Strategies and Challenges in DTI Analysis -- Learning Points -- Introduction to DTI Analysis -- Why Do We Need to Analyze DTI Data? -- DTI Analysis Techniques -- Whole-Brain Analysis Techniques -- Histogram Analysis -- Region-Specific Analysis Techniques -- Region of Interest Analysis -- Tractography Analysis -- Voxel-Based Analysis -- Choosing an Optimal Analysis Approach -- Things to Consider before Starting DTI Data Analysis -- Goal and Hypothesis -- The Study Population -- The Data Acquisition -- The Resources -- Selecting an Optimal DTI Analysis Approach -- Selecting a Software Package to Analyze the Data -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Memory Game Solution -- References -- Suggested Reading -- 9: DTI Analysis Methods: Region of Interest Analysis -- Learning Points.

Introduction -- When to Use ROI Analysis -- When Not to Use ROI Analysis -- Well-Defined Regions -- Atlas-Based ROIs -- ROI Definition -- Effect of Motion and Size -- Registration -- Spatial Normalization -- Statistical Analysis -- Summary: The Pros and Cons of ROI Analysis -- References -- 10: DTI Analysis Methods: Voxel-Based Analysis -- Learning Points -- An Introduction to Voxel-Based Analysis -- Summary Points -- From Individual Data Sets to VBA Group Results: The Different Steps -- Summary Points -- Image Registration -- Introduction -- Image Registration Techniques -- Summary Points -- Registration of DTI Data -- DTI Registration Challenge 1: Reorientation -- DTI Registration Challenge 2: The Tensor Information -- Scalar Anatomical MRI Information, Such as 3D T1-Weighted Images -- Scalar DTI Information, Such as FA or MD Maps -- Diffusion Tensor Information -- Summary Points -- Atlas or Template -- Standard Template -- Population-Specific Atlas -- Summary Points -- Smoothing -- What Is Smoothing? -- Why Should You Smooth (and Why Not)? -- Determining the Smoothing Kernel Size -- Smoothing in DTI -- Summary Points -- Statistical Analysis -- The "Multiple Comparisons" Problem -- Parametric or Nonparametric Statistics? -- Summary Points -- To VBA or Not to VBA? -- Pros and Cons -- Why Parameter Settings Are Important? -- Tract-Based Spatial Statistics, an Alternative to VBA -- How Do TBSS and Classical VBA Approaches Compare? -- VBA in Clinical Practice? -- Conclusion -- References -- 11: DTI Analysis Methods: Fibre Tracking and Connectivity -- Learning Points -- From Local to Global -- Principles of Deterministic Tractography -- Data Requirements -- Resolution -- b-Value -- Gradient Directions/Signal Averages -- Field Strength -- Tract Selection -- Seeding -- Logic Combination: OR/AND/NOT -- Good Practice for ROI-Drawing.

Probabilistic Tractography.

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