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Gender and Culture in Psychology : Theories and Practices.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextPublisher: Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2012Copyright date: ©2012Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (240 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781139230896
Subject(s): Genre/Form: DDC classification:
  • 305.3
Online resources:
Contents:
Cover -- Gender and Culture in Psychology -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1: Gender and culture in psychology: a prologue -- The roots of the new psychological scholarship on gender and culture -- Gender and culture in psychology: three kinds of issues -- Aims of the book -- A road map for reading -- 2: Categories and social categorization -- Sex categories and gender categories -- Ethnic groups, "races," and racialization -- From ethnicity to racialization: the invidious uses of "nice" words -- Social class -- Sexuality and sexualities -- Heteronormativity -- Who defines heterosexual sexuality? -- Intersectionality: the interrelationship of social categories -- 3: Laying the foundation -- Culture and human psychology -- Defining culture -- People as meaning-makers -- Ordinariness, deviations, and narrative -- Cultural psychology -- Who holds the power over meanings? -- Dimensions of power -- Power and knowledge -- Free individuals within governed collectivities -- Normalization processes and disciplinary power -- Power/knowledge and self-regulation -- Knowledge as social artifact -- Constructionism in psychology -- Making language an object of study -- The historical and cultural specificity of knowledge -- 4: Theories of gender in psychology: an overview -- Setting the stage -- The power of situations -- Toward a cultural psychology of gender -- Femininity and masculinity -- Gendered identities: mastery, appropriation, and change -- Power, gender, and psychology -- Asymmetries, differences, and thinking from the outside -- Thinking intersectionally about psychological gender and identity -- Language and gender -- 5: A turn to interpretation -- What does "interpretation" mean in research? -- The history of interpretative research -- Meaning-making always takes place in a social context.
Individual meaning-making is always situated in cultural systems -- Researchers' knowledge is always perspectival -- A focus on reasons and interpretations -- Where and how do interpretative researchers look for knowledge? -- 6: Doing interpretative psychological research -- The landscape of interpretative research -- Interviews and interviewing in interpretative research -- Narratives, rich talk, and interview guides -- Creating a good interview situation -- How to ask questions in interviews -- Historical truth and narrative truth in interviews -- Refining the questions and topics as you go -- The participants in interpretative research -- The grounds for selecting participants -- Selecting and engaging participants -- Listening, reading, and analyzing -- Analyses, rereading, and searching for patterns -- The ethics of interpretative research -- Reflexivity in research -- Personal reflexivity -- Methodological, procedural, and epistemological reflexivity -- Reflexivity in interaction -- Trustworthiness and generalizability in interpretative projects -- Generalizing beyond a research project -- 7: Discursive approaches to studying gender and culture -- Discourse and discourses in psychology -- Discourse and psychology -- Discourses and psychology -- What is discursive psychology? -- Thinking and talking -- Critical discursive psychology -- Feminism, discursive psychology, and sex differences -- Language, action orientation, and meaning -- Personal order and the "stickiness of identity" -- Doing discursive research: some analytical tools -- Ideological dilemmas -- Interpretative repertoires -- Subject positions -- Troubled and untroubled subject positions -- Subjectification, self-regulation, and productive power -- Identity practices: constructing one's individual psychology -- Accountability management.
From theories and methods to research illustrations -- 8: Gender and culture in children's identity development -- Thinking about children's development in gendered and culture-specific contexts -- Girls making themselves into teenagers in multiethnic Oslo -- From little girl to teenager: heterosexuality as normative development -- Framed by heteronormativity -- "Popular girls" -- "Ordinary girls" -- The invisible dominant heteronormativity and ethnification -- The later teenage years: bodily practices and normative heterosexuality -- Making oneself into a "bigger" boy or a young man -- Finally: young women, young men, and heterosexuality -- 9: Identity and inequality in heterosexual couples -- Heterosexual family life and individual identity projects -- Studying couples' narratives about equality and everyday life -- Themes of equality and inequality in Nordic couples' talk -- Parenthood, fatherhood, and motherhood -- Internal limits and boundaries in modern heterosexual couples -- The different meanings of gender -- Taking stock: what can interpretative research tell us about identity and power in heterosexual couples? -- 10: Coercion, violence, and consent in heterosexual encounters -- From technologies of heterosexual coercion to the cultural scaffolding of rape -- Studying technologies of heterosexual coercion and their psychological effects -- The tyranny of "normal" heterosexuality -- Is it possible to say no? -- What happens if the woman refuses? -- Men as "needing" sex and women as nurturant - or pragmatic? -- Discourses of male (hetero)sexuality and the cultural scaffolding of rape -- From cultural scaffolding to individual psychology -- The sexual revolution and modern women's heterosexuality -- From complementary heterosexuality to complementary femininity and masculinity.
Conclusions from interpretative research about heterosexual coercion -- 11: Women's eating problems and the cultural meanings of body size -- Eating problems: setting the stage -- Feminist approaches to women's eating problems -- Interpretative research on eating problems: some examples -- Probing the relational context of white women's eating problems -- Looking beyond white, middle-class women -- "Body aesthetics" or "body ethics"? -- Stepping back: what can interpretative research uncover about women's body projects? -- 12: Psychological suffering in social and cultural context -- Psychiatric diagnosis -- Diagnostic category systems -- The power of social and cultural contexts -- Taking the long view -- Conclusion -- 13: Feminism and gender in psychotherapy -- Feminist protests against psychotherapy and psychiatry -- Feminists as theorists and practitioners of psychotherapy -- Gender, power, and ethics in psychotherapeutic relations -- Power on the inside -- Shifting the role of the therapist -- The outside of therapy: an ethics of resistance -- Discourses in the mirrored room: productive power in therapy -- Conclusion -- 14: Comparing women and men: a retrospective on sex-difference research -- "Differences" in the history of gender in psychology -- Early evolutionary theory -- The early women's movement -- Early psychology and difference thinking -- Contemporary psychological research on differences between women and men -- Are there psychological differences between women and men, and boys and girls? -- Results of research on psychological differences between women and men -- Age differences -- Social context -- Cognitive sex differences or similarities: the case of science and mathematics -- Critical opinions of sex-difference research -- Falsely inflated claims of difference incur serious costs to both individuals and society.
Other difference-producing mechanisms are confounded with sex category -- Focusing on individual differences draws attention away from group inequalities -- A finding of a male-female difference has no meaning in and of itself -- The risk of disregarding variations among women and variations among men -- Biological explanations and scientific reductionism -- 15: Psychology's place in society, and society's place in psychology -- Disciplinary reflexivity -- Scrutinizing one's own discipline -- Feminist disciplinary reflexivity close-up -- Being a critical psychologist: psychology and social justice issues -- The future of gender and culture in psychology -- References -- Index.
Summary: Gender and Culture in Psychology introduces readers to new approaches to the psychological study of gender that bring together feminist psychology, socio-cultural psychology, discursive psychology and critical psychology. It describes interpretative research methods and also addresses current controversies regarding acquaintance rape, women's eating problems, and gender and mental health.
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Cover -- Gender and Culture in Psychology -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1: Gender and culture in psychology: a prologue -- The roots of the new psychological scholarship on gender and culture -- Gender and culture in psychology: three kinds of issues -- Aims of the book -- A road map for reading -- 2: Categories and social categorization -- Sex categories and gender categories -- Ethnic groups, "races," and racialization -- From ethnicity to racialization: the invidious uses of "nice" words -- Social class -- Sexuality and sexualities -- Heteronormativity -- Who defines heterosexual sexuality? -- Intersectionality: the interrelationship of social categories -- 3: Laying the foundation -- Culture and human psychology -- Defining culture -- People as meaning-makers -- Ordinariness, deviations, and narrative -- Cultural psychology -- Who holds the power over meanings? -- Dimensions of power -- Power and knowledge -- Free individuals within governed collectivities -- Normalization processes and disciplinary power -- Power/knowledge and self-regulation -- Knowledge as social artifact -- Constructionism in psychology -- Making language an object of study -- The historical and cultural specificity of knowledge -- 4: Theories of gender in psychology: an overview -- Setting the stage -- The power of situations -- Toward a cultural psychology of gender -- Femininity and masculinity -- Gendered identities: mastery, appropriation, and change -- Power, gender, and psychology -- Asymmetries, differences, and thinking from the outside -- Thinking intersectionally about psychological gender and identity -- Language and gender -- 5: A turn to interpretation -- What does "interpretation" mean in research? -- The history of interpretative research -- Meaning-making always takes place in a social context.

Individual meaning-making is always situated in cultural systems -- Researchers' knowledge is always perspectival -- A focus on reasons and interpretations -- Where and how do interpretative researchers look for knowledge? -- 6: Doing interpretative psychological research -- The landscape of interpretative research -- Interviews and interviewing in interpretative research -- Narratives, rich talk, and interview guides -- Creating a good interview situation -- How to ask questions in interviews -- Historical truth and narrative truth in interviews -- Refining the questions and topics as you go -- The participants in interpretative research -- The grounds for selecting participants -- Selecting and engaging participants -- Listening, reading, and analyzing -- Analyses, rereading, and searching for patterns -- The ethics of interpretative research -- Reflexivity in research -- Personal reflexivity -- Methodological, procedural, and epistemological reflexivity -- Reflexivity in interaction -- Trustworthiness and generalizability in interpretative projects -- Generalizing beyond a research project -- 7: Discursive approaches to studying gender and culture -- Discourse and discourses in psychology -- Discourse and psychology -- Discourses and psychology -- What is discursive psychology? -- Thinking and talking -- Critical discursive psychology -- Feminism, discursive psychology, and sex differences -- Language, action orientation, and meaning -- Personal order and the "stickiness of identity" -- Doing discursive research: some analytical tools -- Ideological dilemmas -- Interpretative repertoires -- Subject positions -- Troubled and untroubled subject positions -- Subjectification, self-regulation, and productive power -- Identity practices: constructing one's individual psychology -- Accountability management.

From theories and methods to research illustrations -- 8: Gender and culture in children's identity development -- Thinking about children's development in gendered and culture-specific contexts -- Girls making themselves into teenagers in multiethnic Oslo -- From little girl to teenager: heterosexuality as normative development -- Framed by heteronormativity -- "Popular girls" -- "Ordinary girls" -- The invisible dominant heteronormativity and ethnification -- The later teenage years: bodily practices and normative heterosexuality -- Making oneself into a "bigger" boy or a young man -- Finally: young women, young men, and heterosexuality -- 9: Identity and inequality in heterosexual couples -- Heterosexual family life and individual identity projects -- Studying couples' narratives about equality and everyday life -- Themes of equality and inequality in Nordic couples' talk -- Parenthood, fatherhood, and motherhood -- Internal limits and boundaries in modern heterosexual couples -- The different meanings of gender -- Taking stock: what can interpretative research tell us about identity and power in heterosexual couples? -- 10: Coercion, violence, and consent in heterosexual encounters -- From technologies of heterosexual coercion to the cultural scaffolding of rape -- Studying technologies of heterosexual coercion and their psychological effects -- The tyranny of "normal" heterosexuality -- Is it possible to say no? -- What happens if the woman refuses? -- Men as "needing" sex and women as nurturant - or pragmatic? -- Discourses of male (hetero)sexuality and the cultural scaffolding of rape -- From cultural scaffolding to individual psychology -- The sexual revolution and modern women's heterosexuality -- From complementary heterosexuality to complementary femininity and masculinity.

Conclusions from interpretative research about heterosexual coercion -- 11: Women's eating problems and the cultural meanings of body size -- Eating problems: setting the stage -- Feminist approaches to women's eating problems -- Interpretative research on eating problems: some examples -- Probing the relational context of white women's eating problems -- Looking beyond white, middle-class women -- "Body aesthetics" or "body ethics"? -- Stepping back: what can interpretative research uncover about women's body projects? -- 12: Psychological suffering in social and cultural context -- Psychiatric diagnosis -- Diagnostic category systems -- The power of social and cultural contexts -- Taking the long view -- Conclusion -- 13: Feminism and gender in psychotherapy -- Feminist protests against psychotherapy and psychiatry -- Feminists as theorists and practitioners of psychotherapy -- Gender, power, and ethics in psychotherapeutic relations -- Power on the inside -- Shifting the role of the therapist -- The outside of therapy: an ethics of resistance -- Discourses in the mirrored room: productive power in therapy -- Conclusion -- 14: Comparing women and men: a retrospective on sex-difference research -- "Differences" in the history of gender in psychology -- Early evolutionary theory -- The early women's movement -- Early psychology and difference thinking -- Contemporary psychological research on differences between women and men -- Are there psychological differences between women and men, and boys and girls? -- Results of research on psychological differences between women and men -- Age differences -- Social context -- Cognitive sex differences or similarities: the case of science and mathematics -- Critical opinions of sex-difference research -- Falsely inflated claims of difference incur serious costs to both individuals and society.

Other difference-producing mechanisms are confounded with sex category -- Focusing on individual differences draws attention away from group inequalities -- A finding of a male-female difference has no meaning in and of itself -- The risk of disregarding variations among women and variations among men -- Biological explanations and scientific reductionism -- 15: Psychology's place in society, and society's place in psychology -- Disciplinary reflexivity -- Scrutinizing one's own discipline -- Feminist disciplinary reflexivity close-up -- Being a critical psychologist: psychology and social justice issues -- The future of gender and culture in psychology -- References -- Index.

Gender and Culture in Psychology introduces readers to new approaches to the psychological study of gender that bring together feminist psychology, socio-cultural psychology, discursive psychology and critical psychology. It describes interpretative research methods and also addresses current controversies regarding acquaintance rape, women's eating problems, and gender and mental health.

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