Cover -- Preface to the fifth edition -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction to health measurement scales -- Introduction to measurement -- A roadmap to the book -- Chapter 2 Basic concepts -- Introduction to basic concepts -- Searching the literature -- Critical review -- Empirical forms of validity -- The two traditions of assessment -- Summary -- Chapter 3 Devising the items -- Introduction to devising items -- The source of items -- Content validity -- Generic versus specific scales and the 'fidelity versus bandwidth' issue -- Translation -- Chapter 4 Scaling responses -- Introduction to scaling responses -- Some basic concepts -- Categorical judgements -- Continuous judgements -- To rate or to rank -- Multidimensional scaling -- Chapter 5 Selecting the items -- Introduction to selecting items -- Interpretability -- Face validity -- Frequency of endorsement and discrimination -- Homogeneity of the items -- Multifactor inventories -- When homogeneity does not matter -- Putting it all together -- Chapter 6 Biases in responding -- Introduction to biases in responding -- The differing perspectives -- Answering questions: the cognitive requirements -- Optimizing and satisficing -- Social desirability and faking good -- Deviation and faking bad -- Minimizing biased responding -- Yea-saying or acquiescence -- End-aversion, positive skew, and halo -- Framing -- Biases related to the measurement of change -- Reconciling the two positions -- Proxy reporting -- Testing the items -- Chapter 7 From items to scales -- Introduction to from items to scales -- Weighting the items -- Missing items -- Multiplicative composite scores -- Transforming the final score -- Age and sex norms -- Establishing cut points -- Receiver operating characteristic curves -- Summary -- Chapter 8 Reliability -- Introduction to reliability -- Basic concepts.

Philosophical implications -- Terminology -- Defining reliability -- Other considerations in calculating the reliability of a test: measuring consistency or absolute agreement -- The observer nested within subject -- Multiple observations -- Other types of reliability -- Different forms of the reliability coefficient -- Kappa coefficient versus the ICC -- The method of Bland and Altman -- Issues of interpretation -- Improving reliability -- Standard error of the reliability coefficient and sample size -- Reliability generalization -- Summary -- Chapter 9 Generalizability theory -- Introduction to generalizability theory -- Generalizability theory fundamentals -- An example -- The first step-the ANOVA -- Step 2-from ANOVA to G coefficients -- Step 3-from G study to D study -- ANOVA for statisticians and ANOVA for psychometricians -- Confidence intervals for G coefficients -- Getting the computer to do it for you -- Some common examples -- Uses and abuses of G theory -- Summary -- Chapter 10 Validity -- Introduction to validity -- Why assess validity? -- Reliability and validity -- A history of the 'types' of validity -- Content validation -- Criterion validation -- Construct validation -- Responsiveness and sensitivity to change -- Validity and 'types of indices' -- Biases in validity assessment -- Validity generalization -- Summary -- Chapter 11 Measuring change -- Introduction to measuring change -- The goal of measurement of change -- Why not measure change directly? -- Measures of association-reliability and sensitivity to change -- Difficulties with change scores in experimental designs -- Change scores and quasi-experimental designs -- Measuring change using multiple observations: growth curves -- How much change is enough? -- Summary -- Chapter 12 Item response theory -- Introduction to item response theory.

Problems with classical test theory -- The introduction of item response theory -- A note about terminology -- Item calibration -- The one-parameter model -- The two- and three-parameter models -- Polytomous models -- Item information -- Item fit -- Person fit -- Differential item functioning -- Unidimensionality and local independence -- Test information and the standard error of measurement -- Equating tests -- Sample size -- Mokken scaling -- Advantages -- Disadvantages -- Computer programs -- Chapter 13 Methods of administration -- Introduction to methods of administration -- Face-to-face interviews -- Telephone questionnaires -- Mailed questionnaires -- The necessity of persistence -- Computerized administration -- Using e-mail and the Web -- Personal data assistants and smart phones -- From administration to content: the impact of technology on scale construction -- Reporting response rates -- Chapter 14 Ethical considerations -- Introduction to ethical considerations -- Informed consent -- Freedom of consent -- Confidentiality -- Consequential validation -- Summary -- Chapter 15 Reporting test results -- Introduction to reporting test results -- Standards for educational and psychological testing -- The STARD initiative -- GRRAS -- Summary -- Appendix A Where to find tests -- Appendix B A (very) brief introduction to factor analysis -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

A new edition of this practical guide for clinicians who are developing tools to measure subjective states, attitudes, or non-tangible outcomes in their patients, suitable for those who have no knowledge of statistics.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2025. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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