Front cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 01 The nature of the problem -- Introduction -- Definitional issues -- What are drugs? -- What are 'illegal drugs'? -- What are drug offences? -- What is drug-related crime? -- The nature of the problems of drug misuse -- What is drug misuse? -- What is problematic drug use? -- What is drug dependence? -- Why is drug misuse a social problem? -- The nature of the drugs-crime connection -- The nature of the book -- Further reading -- Chapter 02 Policy context: from defining to reducing harm -- Introduction -- When drug use was not a problem -- The medicalization of drug use -- The prevention of drug use -- Reducing supply -- Reducing demand -- Reducing harm -- Variations across countries -- The Netherlands -- Switzerland -- Sweden -- United States -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- Chapter 03 Extent of drug misuse -- Introduction -- Demand for drugs -- Drug use in the general population -- Drug use in offender populations -- Sizing the market -- Trends in demand -- Summary -- Supply of drugs -- Drug markets -- Seizures -- Prosecutions for drug offences -- Trends in supply -- Summary -- Addiction and dependence -- Health problems relating to injection -- Economic and social costs -- Drug-related deaths -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- Chapter 04 Types of drug misuse -- Introduction -- Types of drugs misused -- Drug type classification -- Variations over time -- Variations across countries -- Fashions in drug misuse and the link with crime -- The effects of drug use -- Short-term effects -- Long-term effects -- Methods of administration -- Methods of administering different drug types -- Reasons for selecting particular methods -- Geographic variation in methods of administration -- Method of administration and crime.

Sources of drugs -- Sources of supply as a defining part of drug offences -- Illegal sources of supply -- Drug markets and crime -- Patterns of drug use -- Patterns of individual drug use -- Patterns of multiple drug use -- Patterns of individual drug use and crime -- Patterns of multiple drug use and crime -- Motives for drug use -- Motives for starting -- Motives for continuing -- Motives for stopping -- Crime as a motive for alcohol and drug use -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- Chapter 05 Explaining the drugs-crime connection -- Introduction -- Terminology -- Types of explanation -- Types of connection -- Types of measures -- Drug misuse causes crime -- Psychopharmacological explanations -- Economic explanations -- Criminal lifestyle explanations -- Reciprocal model -- Crime causes drug misuse -- Psychopharmacological explanations -- Social explanations -- Environmental explanations -- Coincidence models -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- Chapter 06 The statistical association: just coincidence? -- Introduction -- Previous reviews -- Involvement in drug use and involvement in crime -- Summary -- Frequency of drug use and frequency of crime -- Summary -- Disaggregating the drugs-crime relationship -- Types of drug and types of crime -- Types of drug user and types of offender -- Summary -- Multiple drug use and crime -- Economic explanations -- Psychopharmacological explanations -- Lifestyle explanations -- Prevalence of multiple drug use and crime -- Number of drug types used and crime -- Combinations of drug types used and crime -- Summary -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- Chapter 07 The causal connection: more than coincidence? -- Introduction -- Age-of-onset' studies -- Drug users -- Offenders -- General population -- Summary -- Changes-over-time' studies -- Drug users -- Offenders -- General population -- Summary -- Drug use causes crime.

Crime causes drug use -- Crime and drug use are reciprocal -- No causal connection -- Summary -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- Chapter 08 The effectiveness of interventions -- Introduction -- Previous reviews of treatment -- Previous reviews of criminal justice programmes -- Description of programmes -- Effectiveness of programmes -- Criminal justice programmes -- Description of programmes -- Effectiveness of programmes -- Variations by the type of programme -- Variations by intensity of the programme -- Variations by the characteristics of subjects -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- Chapter 09 The nature of the solution -- Introduction -- What do we know about the drugs-crime connection? -- What do we know about the extent of drug misuse? -- What is the nature of the drugs-crime connection? -- How can the connection be explained? -- What research evidence is there that drugs and crime are connected? -- What research evidence is there that drug misuse causes crime? -- What do we know about methods for tackling drug-related crime? -- What laws and policies address the drugs-crime connection? -- How effective are these laws and policies in reducing drug-related crime? -- What lessons can be learned for current government policy? -- Has the anti-drugs strategy worked? -- The importance of type of intervention -- The importance of the quality of the intervention -- The importance of matching subjects and treatments -- What lessons can be learned for research methods? -- Lessons from research on the drugs-crime connection -- Lessons from evaluations of interventions -- Where now? -- Further reading -- References -- Index -- Back cover.

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