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The Dental Pulp : Biology, Pathology, and Regenerative Therapies.

By: Material type: TextPublisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2014Copyright date: ©2014Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (281 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9783642551604
Subject(s): Genre/Form: DDC classification:
  • 617.6342
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Pulp Biology -- 1: Pulp Development -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Tooth Development: The Initial Steps -- 1.3 Stages of Tooth Development -- References -- 2: Pulp Anatomy and Characterization of Pulp Cells -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General Organization -- 2.3 Odontoblasts -- 2.3.1 Subodontoblastic Layer/Hoehl's Cell Layer -- 2.4 Stromal Fibroblasts (or Pulpoblasts) -- 2.4.1 Resident Cells -- 2.4.1.1 Phenotypic Characterization -- 2.4.2 Intracellular Proteins -- 2.4.3 Nonresident Pulp Cells -- 2.5 Extracellular Matrix and Cell Differentiation -- 2.6 Immune Defense Mechanisms of the Dental Pulp [ 33 ] -- 2.7 Microvasculature -- 2.8 Innervation -- References -- 3: Pulp Extracellular Matrix -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Isolation of the Dental Pulp -- 3.3 Composition of the Dental Pulp: Type III Collagen, Type V Collagen -- 3.4 Other Structural Proteins of the Dental Pulp -- 3.5 Non-collagenous Proteins -- 3.5.1 The Phosphorylated Proteins, SIBLINGS -- 3.5.2 Non-phosphorylated ECM Proteins -- 3.6 Glycoaminoglycans and Proteoglycans -- 3.7 Large Proteoglycans -- 3.8 Incidence of Cellular and Pericellular Molecules on ECM (Enzymes and Growth Factors (GF), Differentiation Factors) -- 3.9 Collagenases and Other Proteolytic Enzymes -- 3.10 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 4: Strategies for Tracking the Origin and Fate of Odontoblasts and Pulp Cell Progenitors -- 4.1 Odontoblasts and Dentinogenesis -- 4.2 Methods of Studying Lineage Progression -- 4.3 Dental Pulp Progenitor and Stem Cells -- 4.4 Methods Used to Identify and Characterize Stem Cells -- 4.4.1 Label-Retaining Cells -- 4.4.2 In Vivo Lineage Tracing -- References -- 5: Pulp Vascularization and Its Regulation by the Microenvironment -- 5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Establishment of the First Capillary Network (Vasculogenesis) -- 5.3 Angiogenesis -- 5.3.1 Intussusceptive or Non- sprouting Angiogenesis -- 5.4 The Dental Pulp Is a Highly Vascularized Tissue -- 5.5 The Pulp Vascularization Has Unique Properties -- 5.6 Neural Control of Blood Flow -- 5.7 Neo-angiogenesis Is a Requirement for Regeneration and Healing -- 5.8 Hypoxia Triggers Pulp Angiogenesis -- 5.9 Pulp Fibroblasts Induce Endothelial Network Formation -- 5.10 Pulp Angiogenesis Is Tightly Controlled by the Microenvironment -- 5.10.1 Dentin and Pulp Fibroblasts -- 5.10.2 Endothelial Cells -- 5.10.3 Neuropeptides Regulate the Local Expression of Angiogenic Growth Factors -- 5.11 Pulp Express Anti- angiogenic Factors -- 5.12 Locally Produced Pro- angiogenic Factors Induce Pulp Stem Cell Direct Differentiation into Endothelial Cells -- 5.13 Vascularization Is a Basic Requirement for Tissue Regeneration -- 5.14 Pulp Stem Cells Exert a Trophic Angiogenic Action -- 5.15 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Dental Pulp Innervation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Development of Tooth Pulp Innervation -- 6.3 The Structure of Pulpal Axons -- 6.4 Neuropeptides in Pulpal Afferents -- 6.5 TRP Channels -- 6.6 Sodium Channels -- 6.7 Autonomic Innervation -- 6.8 Generator Mechanisms of Sensory Pulp Nerves -- 6.9 The Odontoblast as a Putative Pulpal Transducer Cell -- 6.10 Connectivity of Sensory Tooth Pulp Nerves -- 6.11 Aging of Pulpal Nerves -- 6.12 Neurotrophins/Receptors in Pulpal Nerve Plasticity -- 6.13 Neuroplasticity in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System Subsequent to Pulpal Injury -- References -- 7: Inflammatory Processes in the Dental Pulp -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Pulpal Environment and Injury Responses -- 7.3 Environmental Sensing by Odontoblasts and Pulp Cells -- 7.4 Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses.
7.4.1 Bacterial Pathogen Recognition -- 7.4.2 Early Vascular Responses -- 7.4.3 Leukocyte Recruitment -- 7.4.4 Cytokine and Chemokine Mediation of Inflammatory and Post-injury Events -- 7.4.5 Immune Cell Mediation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses -- 7.4.6 Anti-inflammatory Activities and Inflammation Resolution -- 7.4.7 Inflammation-Regeneration Cross Talk in Dentin-Pulp After Injury -- 7.5 Future Directions -- References -- 8: Pulp Aging: Fibrosis and Calcospherites -- 8.1 Pulp Anatomy During the Aging Process -- 8.2 Age Determination -- 8.3 Aging of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) -- 8.4 Apoptosis -- 8.5 Pulp Stones or Pulp Calcification -- References -- Part II: Pulp Pathology -- 9: Pulp Inflammation: From the Reversible Pulpitis to Pulp Necrosis During Caries Progression -- 9.1 Setting the Stage -- 9.2 The Dilemma of the Difference Between Histology and Clinical Pulp Diagnosis -- 9.3 Previous Histological Shortcomings Have Simplified the Understanding of Caries Pathology -- 9.4 Progression of the Non-­cavitated and Cavitated Enamel-Dentinal Lesion Complex -- 9.5 Carious Enamel-Dentine Lesion Complex and Activity: Understanding the Initial Pulp Response Subjacent to Enamel Lesion Without Cavitation -- 9.6 The Trigger of Pulpal Immunity in Progressive Stages of Carious Dentine -- 9.7 The Dentinal Lesion with Clinical Exposure: The Infected Dentine -- 9.8 The Definition of Deep and Extreme Deep Carious Lesions -- 9.9 The Further Progression of Deep Caries -- 9.10 Extreme Deep Caries -- 9.11 Irreversibility of Pulpal Inflammation -- 9.12 Further Progression of the Pulp Necrosis and Degeneration -- 9.13 Treatment of Deep Caries and Status of Pulp Inflammation -- 9.14 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 10: Reactionary and Reparative Dentin-Like Structures -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 In Vivo Approach.
10.2.1 Preparation of a Cavity Without Pulp Exposure -- 10.2.2 Preparation of a Cavity Followed by a Pulp Exposure -- 10.3 Reactionary Dentin (Tertiary Dentin) -- 10.3.1 Molecules Expressed or Influencing Reactionary Dentin Formation -- 10.3.2 Other ECM Molecules -- 10.4 Reparative Dentin-Like: From the Initial Formation of a dentin Bridge to Pulp Mineralization -- 10.4.1 Cells Implicated in Reparative Dentin-Like Formation -- 10.4.2 Cell Mediators Implicated in Reparative Dentin-Like Formation -- 10.4.2.1 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins -- 10.4.2.2 Other Growth Factors -- 10.4.2.3 ECM -- Collagens -- 10.4.2.4 SIBLINGs -- 10.5 Summary -- References -- 11: Genetic Alterations: Heritable Dentin Defects -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Genetic Dentin Defects -- 11.2.1 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta -- 11.2.1.1 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Type II -- 11.2.1.2 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Type III -- 11.2.2 Dentin Dysplasia -- 11.2.2.1 Type I or Radicular Dentin Dysplasia (OMIM #125400) -- 11.2.2.2 Type II or Coronal Dentin Dysplasia (OMIM #125420) -- 11.2.3 Dentin Dysplasia and Rare Diseases -- 11.2.3.1 SMOC2 -- 11.2.4 Pulp Defects -- 11.3 Rare Diseases with Dentin Defects -- 11.3.1 Bone Dysplasia and Collagens -- 11.3.1.1 Osteogenesis Imperfecta -- 11.3.1.2 Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes -- 11.3.2 Rickets-Related Diseases -- 11.3.2.1 Hypophosphatemic Rickets -- 11.3.2.2 Hypophosphatasia -- 11.3.3 Other Syndromes -- 11.3.3.1 Goldblatt Syndrome or Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia with Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (OMIM 184260) -- 11.3.3.2 Elsahy-Waters Branchio-Skeleto-Genital Syndrome (OMIM 211380) -- 11.3.3.3 Microcephalic Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism, Type II, MOPD2 (OMIM #210720) -- 11.3.3.4 Immunoosseous Dysplasia, Schimke Type -- 11.3.3.5 Kenny-Caffey Syndrome -- 11.3.3.6 Congenital Insensitivity to Pain and Anhidrosis.
11.3.4 Ion Channels and  Transporters -- 11.3.5 Lipids in Dentinogenesis and Rare Diseases -- 11.3.6 Enamel Proteins, Dentin Defects, and Rare Diseases -- 11.3.6.1 Enamel Renal Syndrome -- 11.3.6.2 Jalili Syndrome -- 11.3.6.3 Trichodentoosseus Syndrome -- 11.4 Animal Models with Dentin Defects -- Conclusion -- References -- 12: Pulp Reactions to Dental Materials -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Cavity/Crown Preparation -- 12.3 Symptoms -- 12.4 Reasons -- 12.5 Residual Dentin -- 12.6 Pulp Biocompatibility Testing -- 12.7 Reaction Patterns -- 12.8 Dental Materials/Substances -- 12.8.1 Amalgam -- 12.8.2 Cements -- 12.8.3 Resin-Based Composites/Adhesives -- 12.9 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 13: Effects of Bisphenol A on the Dental Pulp -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Cytotoxic Effects and Induced General Pathologies -- 13.2.1 Determination of Blood, Urine, Saliva, and Sweat Parameters of Excretion -- 13.2.2 Toxicogenomics and Adverse Health Effects -- 13.2.3 Precancerous and Cancerous Effects -- 13.2.4 Other Adverse Effects -- 13.2.4.1 Brain Development -- 13.2.4.2 Effects on Type 2 Diabetes -- 13.2.4.3 Obesity -- 13.2.4.4 Transgenerational Actions of Environmental Compounds -- 13.3 Bisphenol A in Dental Materials -- 13.4 Genetic and Cellular Toxicology of Dental Resin Monomers -- 13.4.1 Effects on Human Dental Pulp of Adhesive Resins and Monomers -- 13.5 Summary -- References -- 14: Fluoride Effects on the  Dentin-­Pulp Complex -- 14.1 Introduction: Facts of Fluoride -- 14.1.1 Fluoride and Dental Uses -- 14.1.2 Dental Fluorosis -- 14.2 Dentin Fluorosis -- 14.2.1 Hypomineralization and Dentin Fluorosis -- 14.2.2 Alteration in Extracellular Matrix Properties -- 14.2.3 Alteration in Mineralization Front -- 14.3 Effects of Fluoride on the Dental Pulp -- 14.4 Clinical Significance of Dentin Fluorosis.
14.4.1 Fluorosis and Dentin Caries.
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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Pulp Biology -- 1: Pulp Development -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Tooth Development: The Initial Steps -- 1.3 Stages of Tooth Development -- References -- 2: Pulp Anatomy and Characterization of Pulp Cells -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General Organization -- 2.3 Odontoblasts -- 2.3.1 Subodontoblastic Layer/Hoehl's Cell Layer -- 2.4 Stromal Fibroblasts (or Pulpoblasts) -- 2.4.1 Resident Cells -- 2.4.1.1 Phenotypic Characterization -- 2.4.2 Intracellular Proteins -- 2.4.3 Nonresident Pulp Cells -- 2.5 Extracellular Matrix and Cell Differentiation -- 2.6 Immune Defense Mechanisms of the Dental Pulp [ 33 ] -- 2.7 Microvasculature -- 2.8 Innervation -- References -- 3: Pulp Extracellular Matrix -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Isolation of the Dental Pulp -- 3.3 Composition of the Dental Pulp: Type III Collagen, Type V Collagen -- 3.4 Other Structural Proteins of the Dental Pulp -- 3.5 Non-collagenous Proteins -- 3.5.1 The Phosphorylated Proteins, SIBLINGS -- 3.5.2 Non-phosphorylated ECM Proteins -- 3.6 Glycoaminoglycans and Proteoglycans -- 3.7 Large Proteoglycans -- 3.8 Incidence of Cellular and Pericellular Molecules on ECM (Enzymes and Growth Factors (GF), Differentiation Factors) -- 3.9 Collagenases and Other Proteolytic Enzymes -- 3.10 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 4: Strategies for Tracking the Origin and Fate of Odontoblasts and Pulp Cell Progenitors -- 4.1 Odontoblasts and Dentinogenesis -- 4.2 Methods of Studying Lineage Progression -- 4.3 Dental Pulp Progenitor and Stem Cells -- 4.4 Methods Used to Identify and Characterize Stem Cells -- 4.4.1 Label-Retaining Cells -- 4.4.2 In Vivo Lineage Tracing -- References -- 5: Pulp Vascularization and Its Regulation by the Microenvironment -- 5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Establishment of the First Capillary Network (Vasculogenesis) -- 5.3 Angiogenesis -- 5.3.1 Intussusceptive or Non- sprouting Angiogenesis -- 5.4 The Dental Pulp Is a Highly Vascularized Tissue -- 5.5 The Pulp Vascularization Has Unique Properties -- 5.6 Neural Control of Blood Flow -- 5.7 Neo-angiogenesis Is a Requirement for Regeneration and Healing -- 5.8 Hypoxia Triggers Pulp Angiogenesis -- 5.9 Pulp Fibroblasts Induce Endothelial Network Formation -- 5.10 Pulp Angiogenesis Is Tightly Controlled by the Microenvironment -- 5.10.1 Dentin and Pulp Fibroblasts -- 5.10.2 Endothelial Cells -- 5.10.3 Neuropeptides Regulate the Local Expression of Angiogenic Growth Factors -- 5.11 Pulp Express Anti- angiogenic Factors -- 5.12 Locally Produced Pro- angiogenic Factors Induce Pulp Stem Cell Direct Differentiation into Endothelial Cells -- 5.13 Vascularization Is a Basic Requirement for Tissue Regeneration -- 5.14 Pulp Stem Cells Exert a Trophic Angiogenic Action -- 5.15 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Dental Pulp Innervation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Development of Tooth Pulp Innervation -- 6.3 The Structure of Pulpal Axons -- 6.4 Neuropeptides in Pulpal Afferents -- 6.5 TRP Channels -- 6.6 Sodium Channels -- 6.7 Autonomic Innervation -- 6.8 Generator Mechanisms of Sensory Pulp Nerves -- 6.9 The Odontoblast as a Putative Pulpal Transducer Cell -- 6.10 Connectivity of Sensory Tooth Pulp Nerves -- 6.11 Aging of Pulpal Nerves -- 6.12 Neurotrophins/Receptors in Pulpal Nerve Plasticity -- 6.13 Neuroplasticity in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System Subsequent to Pulpal Injury -- References -- 7: Inflammatory Processes in the Dental Pulp -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Pulpal Environment and Injury Responses -- 7.3 Environmental Sensing by Odontoblasts and Pulp Cells -- 7.4 Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses.

7.4.1 Bacterial Pathogen Recognition -- 7.4.2 Early Vascular Responses -- 7.4.3 Leukocyte Recruitment -- 7.4.4 Cytokine and Chemokine Mediation of Inflammatory and Post-injury Events -- 7.4.5 Immune Cell Mediation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses -- 7.4.6 Anti-inflammatory Activities and Inflammation Resolution -- 7.4.7 Inflammation-Regeneration Cross Talk in Dentin-Pulp After Injury -- 7.5 Future Directions -- References -- 8: Pulp Aging: Fibrosis and Calcospherites -- 8.1 Pulp Anatomy During the Aging Process -- 8.2 Age Determination -- 8.3 Aging of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) -- 8.4 Apoptosis -- 8.5 Pulp Stones or Pulp Calcification -- References -- Part II: Pulp Pathology -- 9: Pulp Inflammation: From the Reversible Pulpitis to Pulp Necrosis During Caries Progression -- 9.1 Setting the Stage -- 9.2 The Dilemma of the Difference Between Histology and Clinical Pulp Diagnosis -- 9.3 Previous Histological Shortcomings Have Simplified the Understanding of Caries Pathology -- 9.4 Progression of the Non-­cavitated and Cavitated Enamel-Dentinal Lesion Complex -- 9.5 Carious Enamel-Dentine Lesion Complex and Activity: Understanding the Initial Pulp Response Subjacent to Enamel Lesion Without Cavitation -- 9.6 The Trigger of Pulpal Immunity in Progressive Stages of Carious Dentine -- 9.7 The Dentinal Lesion with Clinical Exposure: The Infected Dentine -- 9.8 The Definition of Deep and Extreme Deep Carious Lesions -- 9.9 The Further Progression of Deep Caries -- 9.10 Extreme Deep Caries -- 9.11 Irreversibility of Pulpal Inflammation -- 9.12 Further Progression of the Pulp Necrosis and Degeneration -- 9.13 Treatment of Deep Caries and Status of Pulp Inflammation -- 9.14 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 10: Reactionary and Reparative Dentin-Like Structures -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 In Vivo Approach.

10.2.1 Preparation of a Cavity Without Pulp Exposure -- 10.2.2 Preparation of a Cavity Followed by a Pulp Exposure -- 10.3 Reactionary Dentin (Tertiary Dentin) -- 10.3.1 Molecules Expressed or Influencing Reactionary Dentin Formation -- 10.3.2 Other ECM Molecules -- 10.4 Reparative Dentin-Like: From the Initial Formation of a dentin Bridge to Pulp Mineralization -- 10.4.1 Cells Implicated in Reparative Dentin-Like Formation -- 10.4.2 Cell Mediators Implicated in Reparative Dentin-Like Formation -- 10.4.2.1 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins -- 10.4.2.2 Other Growth Factors -- 10.4.2.3 ECM -- Collagens -- 10.4.2.4 SIBLINGs -- 10.5 Summary -- References -- 11: Genetic Alterations: Heritable Dentin Defects -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Genetic Dentin Defects -- 11.2.1 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta -- 11.2.1.1 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Type II -- 11.2.1.2 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Type III -- 11.2.2 Dentin Dysplasia -- 11.2.2.1 Type I or Radicular Dentin Dysplasia (OMIM #125400) -- 11.2.2.2 Type II or Coronal Dentin Dysplasia (OMIM #125420) -- 11.2.3 Dentin Dysplasia and Rare Diseases -- 11.2.3.1 SMOC2 -- 11.2.4 Pulp Defects -- 11.3 Rare Diseases with Dentin Defects -- 11.3.1 Bone Dysplasia and Collagens -- 11.3.1.1 Osteogenesis Imperfecta -- 11.3.1.2 Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes -- 11.3.2 Rickets-Related Diseases -- 11.3.2.1 Hypophosphatemic Rickets -- 11.3.2.2 Hypophosphatasia -- 11.3.3 Other Syndromes -- 11.3.3.1 Goldblatt Syndrome or Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia with Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (OMIM 184260) -- 11.3.3.2 Elsahy-Waters Branchio-Skeleto-Genital Syndrome (OMIM 211380) -- 11.3.3.3 Microcephalic Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism, Type II, MOPD2 (OMIM #210720) -- 11.3.3.4 Immunoosseous Dysplasia, Schimke Type -- 11.3.3.5 Kenny-Caffey Syndrome -- 11.3.3.6 Congenital Insensitivity to Pain and Anhidrosis.

11.3.4 Ion Channels and  Transporters -- 11.3.5 Lipids in Dentinogenesis and Rare Diseases -- 11.3.6 Enamel Proteins, Dentin Defects, and Rare Diseases -- 11.3.6.1 Enamel Renal Syndrome -- 11.3.6.2 Jalili Syndrome -- 11.3.6.3 Trichodentoosseus Syndrome -- 11.4 Animal Models with Dentin Defects -- Conclusion -- References -- 12: Pulp Reactions to Dental Materials -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Cavity/Crown Preparation -- 12.3 Symptoms -- 12.4 Reasons -- 12.5 Residual Dentin -- 12.6 Pulp Biocompatibility Testing -- 12.7 Reaction Patterns -- 12.8 Dental Materials/Substances -- 12.8.1 Amalgam -- 12.8.2 Cements -- 12.8.3 Resin-Based Composites/Adhesives -- 12.9 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 13: Effects of Bisphenol A on the Dental Pulp -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Cytotoxic Effects and Induced General Pathologies -- 13.2.1 Determination of Blood, Urine, Saliva, and Sweat Parameters of Excretion -- 13.2.2 Toxicogenomics and Adverse Health Effects -- 13.2.3 Precancerous and Cancerous Effects -- 13.2.4 Other Adverse Effects -- 13.2.4.1 Brain Development -- 13.2.4.2 Effects on Type 2 Diabetes -- 13.2.4.3 Obesity -- 13.2.4.4 Transgenerational Actions of Environmental Compounds -- 13.3 Bisphenol A in Dental Materials -- 13.4 Genetic and Cellular Toxicology of Dental Resin Monomers -- 13.4.1 Effects on Human Dental Pulp of Adhesive Resins and Monomers -- 13.5 Summary -- References -- 14: Fluoride Effects on the  Dentin-­Pulp Complex -- 14.1 Introduction: Facts of Fluoride -- 14.1.1 Fluoride and Dental Uses -- 14.1.2 Dental Fluorosis -- 14.2 Dentin Fluorosis -- 14.2.1 Hypomineralization and Dentin Fluorosis -- 14.2.2 Alteration in Extracellular Matrix Properties -- 14.2.3 Alteration in Mineralization Front -- 14.3 Effects of Fluoride on the Dental Pulp -- 14.4 Clinical Significance of Dentin Fluorosis.

14.4.1 Fluorosis and Dentin Caries.

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