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In this book, epigenetics is understood as the science of molecules and mechanisms involved in controlling gene activity without altering their sequence, and which thus contribute to cellular functions. It enables us to decipher the development and differentiation processes of cells in a complex organism, which perform different functions despite sharing the same nuclear genetic information. This science also supports cellular memory and responses to the environment. The book introduces the history and evolution of the concept of "epigenetics" and explains the molecular mechanisms that govern the development of mammals, fish or plants. Knowledge of the diversity of these mechanisms, and our understanding of their importance in biology, is probably just getting started. Some processes, such as X chromosome inactivation, are specific to mammals, while others, such as parental imprinting, are surprisingly common to both mammals and plants with sexual reproduction. Their importance in responses to the biotic or abiotic environment is highlighted to show possible applications in medicine or agronomy. This book is intended for students, teachers in higher education and researchers in the field of biology.

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