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In the aftermath of the fall of Constantinople, the political and cultural elite of the Byzantine Empire, who had chosen the path of exile, did everything in their power to encourage Europe to oppose Ottoman expansion in arms. At the same time, the Greek diaspora undertook a complex operation to preserve the Byzantine cultural heritage. Their activity in the West gave a boost to the cultural renewal promoted by humanism through the rediscovery of the roots of classical thought and science, but also through an impulse to theological reflection eager to return to Christian roots. In this panorama, still far from being reconstructed in its entirety, mainly due to the fragmentation of knowledge and predominantly national historiographical perspectives, an important page of European cultural history remains in the shadows: the concomitant attempt to involve the Grand Principality of Moscow in the resistance to Ottoman expansion and the commitment of the Greek diaspora to the cultural and religious updating of the Eastern Slavic world, with which it shared the same Christian tradition.

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