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Biological invasions threaten biodiversity and cause significant economic and ecological costs. Effective management of invasive species is crucial, as highlighted by the European Community's Regulation 1143/2014 on Invasive Alien Species (IAS). This study focuses on coastal dune ecosystems, particularly assessing the time and cost-effectiveness of three monitoring methods for detecting and mapping alien plants: photointerpretation, machine learning classification, and field monitoring. Yucca gloriosa L., an invasive species in Regional Park of Migliarino-San Rossore-Massaciuccoli (Tuscany, Italy), served as the target species. Using RGB DJI Phantom 4 Pro v. 2.0 and DJI P4 Multispectral drones, images were analyzed via photointerpretation and machine learning. Photointerpretation, though precise, was time-consuming and subjective. Machine learning minimized human effort but required extensive computing. Field monitoring produced accurate maps but was labor-intensive and limited by accessibility issues. This study concludes that UAV-based monitoring of Y. gloriosa is optimal for balancing cost and time efficiency in coastal dune ecosystems.

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eng

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