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Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem globally, with an ascendant trend, and is expected to reach up to 700 million cases by 2045. The microvascular triad includes diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, unique in diabetes. Despite significant achievements in early diagnosis and therapy, diabetic retinopathy remains the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population, with a severe impact on patients' quality of life. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy affects nearly 50% of adults with diabetes during their lifetime, and it represents a major risk factor for diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), the most common cause of non-traumatic amputations worldwide. Classically, the duration of diabetes, level of hyperglycemia, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia are the most implicated risk factors. Novel research has found multiple molecular pathways that may interfere with vascular disfunction, ischemia, and tissular damage. In this Special Issue, we showcase nine original articles and two comprehensive reviews that provide new data on novel biomarkers, early diagnosis, pathology, molecular mechanisms, and new therapies in the fields of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and diabetic foot ulcers.

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