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In Utopia, an island in the tropics, work is done by all inhabitants, including women and work activity is characterized by social commitment and participation of everybody. The reduced time devoted to daily work and the refusal of private property make other liberal activities possible Tommaso Campanella's The City of the Sun proposes an even more radical communist model of society, where women too are in common. A pedagogical and playful vision definitely abolishes the division between intellectual and manual work. In Francis Bacon's New Atlantis the meeting of "utopia" with the nascent modern scientific thought completes the evolution of the concept and the modalities of work, and the distinction between intellectual and manual work disappears.

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